Mishnah
Mishnah

Halakhah sobre Brachot 2:3

הַקּוֹרֵא אֶת שְׁמַע וְלֹא הִשְׁמִיעַ לְאָזְנוֹ, יָצָא. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, לֹא יָצָא. קָרָא וְלֹא דִקְדֵּק בְּאוֹתִיּוֹתֶיהָ, רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר יָצָא, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר לֹא יָצָא. הַקּוֹרֵא לְמַפְרֵעַ, לֹא יָצָא. קָרָא וְטָעָה, יַחֲזֹר לְמָקוֹם שֶׁטָּעָה:

Aquele que recita o Shema sem se fazer ouvir, cumpre a obrigação. R. Yossi diz: Ele não cumpre a obrigação. [Pois está escrito (Deuteronômio 6: 4): "Ouça"—Deixe seu ouvido ouvir o que sua boca diz. E o primeiro tanna sustenta: "Ouça"—em qualquer idioma que você esteja acostumado a ouvir. E a halachá está de acordo com o primeiro tanna.] Se ele a recitou sem ser preciso com suas letras [para enunciá-las claramente, em um exemplo de duas palavras em que a segunda palavra começa com a mesma letra com a qual a primeira letra termina, como em "al levavcha", "esev besadecha", "va'avadetem meherah". Se ele não deixar espaço entre eles para separá-los, parece que ele está pronunciando duas letras como uma.]—R. Yossi diz: Ele cumpriu sua obrigação. [E a halachá está de acordo com R. Yossi. No entanto, ab initio, ele deve enunciar as letras. Da mesma forma, ele deve tomar cuidado para não repousar o sheva móvel e não mover o inativo, e não enfraquecer (pronunciando sem dagesh) uma forma forte e não fortalecer uma fraca. E ele deve acentuar o zayin de "tizkeru", para que não pareça "tiskeru", isto é, "para que você receba recompensa". Pois não é adequado servir ao Mestre em prol da recompensa.] R. Yehudah diz: Ele não cumpriu sua obrigação. Se alguém o recitar em ordem invertida [se ele recitar o terceiro verso antes do segundo, o segundo antes do primeiro e similares], ele não cumpriu sua obrigação [que está sendo escrita (Deuteronômio 6: 6): "e estas palavras deverá ser"—eles permanecerão em sua forma original, isto é, conforme ordenados na Torá. Entretanto, se ele avançar na seção, recitando vayomer antes de vehaya im shamoa e vehaya im shamoa antes de Shema, parece que isso não é considerado "invertido" e ele cumpre sua obrigação; pois eles não estão assim dispostos, um após o outro, na Torá.] Se ele o recitou e cometeu um erro, ele volta ao ponto do erro. [Se ele errou entre uma seção e outra, sem saber com qual seção parou e no início da seção que deveria retornar, ele volta ao primeiro verso, vehaya im shamoa. (Rambam diz: Veahavta eth Hashem.) E se ele parasse no meio de uma seção, sabendo qual seção, mas sem saber onde nessa seção ele parou, ele retornará ao início dessa seção. Se ele recitava "uchethavtam", mas não sabia se era o de Shema ou o de vehaya im shamoa, ele volta ao "uchethavtam" de Shema. E se ele estava em dúvida depois que começou leman yirbu, ele não volta, pois pode confiar no "hábito da sua língua".]

Peninei Halakhah, Women's Prayer

There are women who are not meticulous about the laws of tzni’ut and many other mitzvot, but they wish to boast by wearing talit and tefilin. One should object to their agenda of turning the Torah and mitzvot into a site of social conflicts, as mitzvot should be performed for God’s sake, not as a tool to advance interests of one sort or another.1The mishna on Berakhot 20a states that women are exempt from tefilin but does not clarify whether women who want to wear tefilin may do so just as they may perform other positive time-bound mitzvot like lulav and shofar. Eruvin 96a cites a beraita that states that Michal, the daughter of King Shaul, wore tefilin and that the Sages did not object. Tosafot (ad loc.) state in the name of Pesikta that the Sages indeed objected. Similarly, y. Berakhot 2:3 first cites an anonymous opinion that the Sages did not object and then cites R. Ḥizkiya to the effect that the Sages did, in fact, object. Tosafot state that according to the opinion that the Sages objected even though they did not object to women performing other time-bound positive mitzvot, it is because “tefilin require a clean body, and women are not zealously careful.” (It seems that the concern is that they may not wear tefilin while menstruating – see Rema 88:1 – and since they do not normally study laws that do not pertain to their obligations, they will not be careful about this. Perhaps there is also concern that they will handle a soiled diaper or another filthy household item.) Kol Bo also states in the name of Maharam that one should object to women who wish to wear tefilin because “they do not know how to keep themselves clean.” Beit Yosef cites this, and SA 38:3 rules: “Women and slaves are exempt from tefilin as it is a time-bound positive mitzva. Rema: If women wish to be stringent upon themselves, we object (Kol Bo).”
MA explains that if women had been obligated by the Torah to wear tefilin, the rationale that they are not careful about cleanliness would not exempt them from the mitzva. However, since they are exempt and there is a concern about cleanliness, their wearing tefilin is objectionable. Along these lines, AHS states that really men have the same problem; tefilin require a clean body. However, since men are obligated, they wear tefilin for Shema and prayers while being as careful as possible. Women, though, are exempt, and should not subject themselves to this serious concern. For them, the time of prayer and reciting Shema are the equivalent of the rest of the day for men. We therefore do not allow them to wear tefilin. Even though Michal wore tefilin and the Sages did not object, this case is not instructive. Presumably, they knew that she was completely righteous and knew how to take the proper precautions. Similarly, Kaf Ha-ḥayim 38:9 states in the name of Birkei Yosef and other Aḥaronim that one should object to women wearing tefilin and cites esoteric reasons for this as well.
Yet there are Rishonim who say that one should not object. Indeed, Orḥot Ḥayim challenges Maharam’s strict ruling (cited in Kol Bo) based on the opinion that the Sages did not object to Michal wearing tefilin. This is cited in Beit Yosef, which answers that Kol Bo relied on the view that the Sages indeed object to Michal. Olat Tamid (an early commentary on Shulḥan Arukh) 38:3 rejects Maharam’s view: if the prohibition on women wearing tefilin is based on cleanliness, why does Berakhot 20a state that they are exempt because it is a time-bound positive mitzva? Moreover, Michal wore tefilin and the Sages did not object. Therefore, Olat Tamid concludes: “We do not object to an old woman who we know is capable of guarding herself, and it is sort of case that they are discussing there [ in reference to Michal.” It is also said of several righteous women from early and later generations – including the wife of R. Ḥayim ibn Atar – that they wore tefilin.
The practical ruling is that a woman should not wear tefilin, and many authorities – including Rema, Kaf Ha-ḥayim, MB, and many others – state that objections should be raised against women who wish to wear tefilin. Nevertheless, a woman who wishes to wear tefilin has authorities to rely upon – Orḥot Ḥayim and Olat Tamid – and AHS also concludes that one should not object to one who is renowned as a righteous woman. Therefore, in practice, one should not object to this practice. However, a woman who wear tefilin should take care not to wear them while menstruating (though she may wear tefilin while counting her clean days) and should make sure to wear them in private, so that it is clear that she is wearing them for God’s sake and so that she does not advertise when she is menstruating.
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