Commento su Hullin 3:6
סִימָנֵי בְהֵמָה וְחַיָּה נֶאֶמְרוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְסִימָנֵי הָעוֹף לֹא נֶאֱמָרוּ. אֲבָל אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים, כָּל עוֹף הַדּוֹרֵס, טָמֵא. כֹּל שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ אֶצְבַּע יְתֵרָה, וְזֶפֶק, וְקֻרְקְבָנוֹ נִקְלָף, טָהוֹר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בַּר צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, כָּל עוֹף הַחוֹלֵק אֶת רַגְלָיו, טָמֵא:
I segni con cui gli animali puliti, domestici e selvatici, possono essere distinti [da quelli impuri e proibiti] sono menzionati nella Legge Santa, ma non quelli di uccelli. I saggi, tuttavia, hanno stabilito: "Che ogni uccello [predaceo], che colpisce i suoi artigli nella sua preda, è impuro: ogni uccello che ha un artiglio aggiuntivo, un raccolto, e di cui il mantello interno dello stomaco può essere prontamente staccato, appartiene alla specie pulita ". R. Eleazar ben Zadok dice: "Ogni uccello che [quando posizionato su un trespolo] divide equamente le dita dei piedi, è impuro."
Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
הדורס (that attacks with paws or claws) – it grasps with its nails and lifts up from the ground what it eats. And there are those who explained it, that it doesn’t wait for the living prey until it dies but rather eats it while [it is] living.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
Introduction
Our mishnah provides the characteristics by which it can be determined whether a bird is clean (kosher) or unclean (tref, in modern terminology).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
אצבע יתירה – this is the high finger–digit (i.e., talon) that is behind the [other] fingers.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
The characteristics of cattle and of wild animals are stated in the Torah. Leviticus 11 teaches characteristics, split hooves and cud-chewing, that distinguish clean beasts or wild animals (such as a deer) from unclean beasts, such as the pig and camel that cannot be eaten.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
וקרקבנו נקלף – the pocket that is within the thick muscular stomach–craw peals from the flesh of the thick muscular stomach–craw . But not that every pure–clean fowl has all of these organs, but one organ alone is sufficient, but as long as we know about it (i.e., the animal) that it doesn’t attack with paws or claws and eat. But the Gaonim wrote that the tradition in their hands was that they don’t validate fowl that comes with one organ and even though it is known to us regarding it that it does not attack with paws or claws and eats, other than if that that organ whose thick muscular stomach can be pealed by hand, but if it cannot be peeled by hand even though it always has a crop or an extra finger–talon, they did not permit it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
The characteristics of birds are not stated, but the sages said: every bird that seizes its prey is unclean. The Torah does not list the characteristics of birds that are permitted or forbidden. Rather, it provides a list of names of birds that are forbidden. The rabbis had to fill in the gap and provide a general characteristic: any bird that seizes its prey, be it other birds or small animals, is unclean and not kosher. Just as the animals that we eat are peaceful animals that eat only vegetation, so too the birds that we eat do not eat other birds (although they may eat worms and insects, and not just vegetation).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
החולק את רגליו – when he places it on a chord–sinew, it places its two fingers from there and two from there.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
Every bird that has an extra toe, or a crop and a gizzard that can be peeled, is clean. If the bird is not one that seizes its prey, then there are a couple of signs that can be used to determine whether it is pure. These would be necessary in case new birds are discovered and one does not know whether they can be eaten. If the bird has an extra toe on the back part of its foot, it is clean and can be eaten. If its crop (explained in mishnah four) or gizzard can be peeled from the flesh by hand, then it is also clean. Commentators debate whether the bird needs to have all of these characteristics to be kosher, or whether one is sufficient.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
טמא – whereby it is known that it attacks with its claws or paws.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
Rabbi Elazar bar Zadok says: every bird that parts its toes is unclean. Rabbi Elazar bar Zadok adds a sign to determine when a bird is impure. If when stood on a rope it splits its toes, two in front and two in back, then it is unclean. This is a sign that the bird is a predator.
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