Commentaire sur Nedarim 1:3
הָאוֹמֵר לֹא חֻלִּין לֹא אֹכַל לָךְ, לֹא כָשֵׁר, וְלֹא דְכֵי, טָהוֹר, וְטָמֵא, נוֹתָר, וּפִגּוּל, אָסוּר. כְּאִמְּרָא, כַּדִּירִין, כָּעֵצִים, כָּאִשִּׁים, כַּמִּזְבֵּחַ, כַּהֵיכָל, כִּירוּשָׁלָיִם, נָדַר בְּאֶחָד מִכָּל מְשַׁמְּשֵׁי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא הִזְכִּיר קָרְבָּן, הֲרֵי זֶה נָדַר בְּקָרְבָּן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, הָאוֹמֵר יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם:
Si l'on dit: "Lachullin; je ne mangerai pas de toi" [Le "lamed" est juré par un patach, la dénotation étant: Ce n'est pas du chullin (nourriture banale) que je mangerai de toi, mais de la nourriture consacrée.] "Non kasher (apte) "[doit-il être, mais pasul (impropre), c'est-à-dire, nourriture consacrée, qui est susceptible de" convenance "et" inaptitude "."], "Pas dachi" [Interdit, comme dans (Avodah Zarah 37a) : "Ayal kamtza (un type de criquet) dachan" ("est autorisé"). Et même si les termes «permis» et «interdit» s'appliquent également dans le contexte des (animaux qui sont) neveilah (carcasse) et treifah (organiquement défectueux), et nous décidons que les vœux ne «prennent» que par rapport à ce qui est voué et ce qui est donné (et non par rapport à quelque chose d'interdit en soi), puisque «permis» peut également être utilisé dans le contexte de la nourriture consacrée, il a été enseigné qu'avec des vœux sans réserve, nous suivons l'option stricte. Car puisqu'il souhaitait que le vœu «prenne» ici, nous disons que (dans ses paroles) il voulait ce qui est voué (et non ce qui est interdit en soi)], «pur» [s'il disait: «pas pur ce que je mange de vous "]," Impur "," Nothar "(sacrifices restants)," Piggul "(sacrifices invalides), c'est interdit. [S'il a dit: "Impur, ce que je mange de toi", et ainsi, avec les autres, il est interdit (de manger de lui), car toutes ces (expressions) s'appliquent à la nourriture consacrée.] "Comme imra" [ Comme l'agneau du sacrifice], "Comme dirin" [le hangar en bois (du Temple) ou le hangar à bétail], "Comme les offrandes au feu," Comme l'autel "[Comme les offrandes sur l'autel.]," Comme le sanctuaire " [Comme les offrandes du sanctuaire], "Comme Jérusalem" [Comme les offrandes à Jérusalem. Une autre interprétation: Comme les murs de Jérusalem (il tient ces murs pour venir du surplus du trésor du Temple)], S'il a juré avec un quelconque des accessoires de l'autel [comme les fourchettes, les bols à arroser et les poêles à feu. S'il disait: "Comme les fourchettes, ce que je mange de toi" ou "Comme les bols à arroser, ce que je mange de toi", et ainsi de suite, avec les autres], même s'il n'a pas dit «Korban» («Une offrande»), c'est comme s'il avait juré avec «Korban». R. Yehudah dit: Si l'on dit: «Jérusalem» [sans l'ivraie ( "Comme")], il n'a rien dit. [Le premier tanna diffère, et le halac hah n'est pas conforme à R. Yehudah.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Nedarim
English Explanation of Mishnah Nedarim
[If one says, “May it be to me], as the lamb”, “As the Temple pens”, “As the wood [on the altar]”, “As the fire [on the altar]”, “As the altar”, “As the Temple” or “As Jerusalem”; [or] if one vowed by reference to the altar utensils, even though he did not mention “korban”, behold this one was vowed by a korban.
Rabbi Judah said: He who says “Jerusalem” has said nothing.
The normal way of making a prohibitive vow is for a person to say that a certain something is like a sacrifice, a “korban”, which is forbidden to him. Our mishnah talks about various ways in which a person can make a valid vow without actually saying the word “korban”. As we could see in the first two mishnayoth of Nedarim, people were hesitant to actually say the word “korban” and hence looked for substitutes.
Section one: In this section a person says something which is interpreted to mean “That which I eat from you should be to me like x”, and the “x” is prohibited to him and therefore he has prohibited the food upon himself. There are seven examples.
1) “Not-unconsecrated food”, meaning the food should be to the one swearing as if it were consecrated like a sacrifice.
2) “Not fit” interpreted to mean, not fit for people to eat but rather fit for sacrifice on the altar.
3) “Not pure” your food shall not be pure and permitted for me to eat, but rather set aside for sacrifice on the altar.
4) “Clean” your food shall be pure, as is a sacrifice, and hence not permitted to me.
5) “Unclean” your food shall be considered unclean to me, but clean for sacrifice on the altar.
(6+7) “Remnant” or “Piggul” your food shall be prohibited to me as remnant (sacrificial meat which has been kept too long after being sacrificed and is forbidden), or piggul (sacrificial meat prohibited because it was sacrificed with the wrong intent). Since both of these are forbidden, the vow is effective.
Section two: In this section the person swearing states that food that belongs to another should be to him like something in the Temple. Although he doesn’t say that the food is like a “korban”, these statements are sufficient to make the vow valid. The examples are 1) a sacrificial lamb; 2) pens in the Temple used to store the sacrifices; 3) the wood used to fuel the fire on the altar; 4) the fire itself; 5) the altar itself; 6) the Temple; 7) Jerusalem, which could be interpreted to refer to the sacrifices eaten in Jerusalem. A vow formula may also employ any of the utensils used at the altar. In all of these cases, even though he did not say that the food would be like a “korban”, the vow is valid and binding.
According to Rabbi Judah, saying that food should be “Jerusalem” is not sufficient because he may be referring to other things in Jerusalem besides the Temple. As we shall learn in the next mishnah, Rabbi Judah also holds that in order for the vow to be valid he has to say “Like x”, and not just “x” itself. Since he did not say “like Jerusalem”, the vow is not valid.