Tous [y compris les femmes] sont aptes à lire la Méguila, à l'exception d'un sourd-muet [(Cette Michna est conforme à R. Yossi, qui dit que si l'on lit et ne "fait pas entendre" à ses oreilles, il n'a pas rempli son obligation)], un imbécile et un mineur. R. Yehudah décide qu'il convient à un mineur. [La halakha n'est pas conforme à R. Yehudah.] La Méguila n'est pas lue, la circoncision n'est pas effectuée, l'immersion (rituelle) n'est pas effectuée, l'aspersion n'est pas effectuée, et aussi une femme qui observe «jour contre jour» ne immerger jusqu'au lever du soleil. Et tous, s'ils l'ont fait à l'aube, c'est kasher. [("La Megillah n'est pas lue" :) Car il faut lire la Megillah la nuit et la répéter le jour. Et la lecture de la journée n'est qu'après le lever du soleil, à savoir. (Esther 9:28): "Et ces jours sont commémorés et célébrés." ("la circoncision n'est pas effectuée" :), à savoir. (Lévitique 12: 3): "Et le huitième jour, il circoncira." ("l'immersion et l'aspersion ne sont pas effectuées" :) il est écrit à propos de l'aspersion (Nombres 19:19): "Et le pur arrosera sur l'impur le troisième jour et le septième jour," et l'immersion est assimilé à l'arrosage. Ce n'est que lorsqu'il plonge le septième jour qu'il ne doit s'immerger que le jour, et nous ne disons pas qu'il peut s'immerger quand il fait noir la nuit du septième, même si la nuit est le début du jour. Mais après le septième jour, il est permis de plonger la nuit. ("une femme qui observe" jour contre jour "" :) pendant les onze jours entre un état de niddah et le suivant. Si elle voit du sang un de ces jours, elle observe le lendemain (dans la propreté) et plonge ce jour-là lui-même au lever du soleil. ("s'ils l'ont fait à l'aube, c'est kasher:") Car quand le jour se lève, on l'appelle "jour", c'est-à-dire. (Nechemiah 4:15): «Et nous avons fait le travail… de l'aube jusqu'à l'apparition des étoiles», suivi de (Ibid. 16): «… et la nuit pour nous gardait, et le jour, le travail». Ils ont dit «jusqu'au lever du soleil» uniquement pour s'assurer qu'il ne faisait pas nuit, car tous ne sont pas experts dans la discrimination de l'aube.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
הכל כשרים לקרות את המגילה – [the word] "הכל"/”everyone” – includes women.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
Introduction
The first section of the mishnah deals with who is qualified to read the Megillah. The second section deals with when it can be read.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
חוץ מחרש – Our Mishnah [is according to] Rabbi Yosi, who said (Mishnah Berakhot, 2:3): He who recites the Shema inaudibly to himself, he has not fulfilled [his religious obligation].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
All are qualified to read the Megillah except a deaf person, an idiot and a minor. Rabbi Judah qualifies a minor. Deaf people, idiots (this refers either to one who is mentally retarded or an insane person) and minors are generally not obligated to perform the commandments. As we have mentioned on several occasions, in those days they had no way to communicate with the deaf and little understanding of the insane or retarded. Hence these people were mostly cut off from participating in society. Minors are too young to understand the meaning of the commandments and hence are not obligated. Since these people are not obligated, they cannot perform the commandment for others. This was stated also in Rosh Hashanah 3:8, at the end of that mishnah. Rabbi Judah says that a minor is qualified.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ר"י מכשיר בקטן – But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
They do not read the Megillah, nor circumcise, nor go to the mikveh, nor sprinkling [purificatory waters], and similarly a woman keeping day for day should not take a ritual bath until the sun has risen. But if any of these things is done after dawn, it is valid. The main reading of the Megillah takes place during the day. The Mishnah teaches that during the day means after the sun has risen. This is also the time for other mitzvoth that need to take place during the day. “Sprinkling” refers to the water mixed with the ashes of the red heifer. “A woman keeping a day for a day” refers to a woman who was impure do to non-menstrual genital discharge. She is impure a day for every day on which she has a discharge. All of these things should be done after the sun has risen. However, if someone did them after dawn, meaning when the sky begins to become light, the actions are still valid, at least ex post facto.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
אין קורין את המגילה – for a person is required/liable to read the Megillah at night and go back to read it [again] during the day. But the reading of the day time should not be until than after sunrise, as it is written (Esther 9:28): “Consequently, these days are recalled and observed in every generation...”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ולא מלין – as it is written (Leviticus 12:3): “On the eighth day [the flesh of his foreskin] shall be circumcised.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ולא טובלין ולא מזין – as it is written concerning sprinkling (Numbers 19:19): “The pure person shall sprinkle it upon the impure person on the third day and on the seventh day, [thus purifying him on the seventh day….].” And [the Rabbis] made an analogy between (two laws which rest of a biblical intimation or a principle common to both)/היקש – immersion in a ritual bath to sprinkling., and specifically when he immerses [in the Mikveh] on the seventh day, we say that from when it becomes night at the beginning of the seventh day, it is appropriate to immerse [in the Mikveh], and even though that nighttime is the beginning of the “day,” but once the seventh day has passed, it is permissible to to immerse [in the Mikveh] at night.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
שומרת יום כנגד יום – On the eleven days between menstruating cycles. If she saw [blood] one day, she keeps [i.e., “counts”] the day afterwards and immerses on that selfsame day once the sun rises.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
משעלה עמוד השחר כשר – for once the crack of dawn arrives, it is called “daytime,” as it is written in the book of Ezra (actually, Nehemiah 4:15): “And so we worked on, [while half were holding lances,] from the break of day until the stars appeared.” And it is written after this (verse 16): “…that we may use the night to stand guard and the day to work.” But, they did not say, “until sunrise,” rather in order to leave from the doubt of night, since not all are expert in when the crack of dawn occurs.
