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הַחִטִּים וְהַשְּׂעֹרִים וְהַכֻּסְּמִין וְשִׁבֹּלֶת שׁוּעָל וְהַשִּׁיפוֹן חַיָּבִין בַּחַלָּה, וּמִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה, וַאֲסוּרִים בֶּחָדָשׁ מִלִּפְנֵי הַפֶּסַח, וּמִלִּקְצֹר מִלִּפְנֵי הָעֹמֶר. וְאִם הִשְׁרִישׁוּ קֹדֶם לָעֹמֶר, הָעֹמֶר מַתִּירָן. וְאִם לָאו, אֲסוּרִים עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא עֹמֶר הַבָּא:
El trigo, la cebada, la espelta, la avena y el centeno están obligados con respecto al hallah . Y se combinan [para compensar la cantidad mínima obligada]. Se les prohíbe [comerse] como grano nuevo antes de Pesaj, y se cosecharán antes de que se traiga el omer [es traído]. Si habían echado raíces antes de que el omer [sea traído, trayendo], el omer lo permite, y si no, están prohibidos hasta que el próximo omer [sea traído].
Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ומצטרפין זה עם זה – to complete the measure of the started dough that is liable for [separating out] Hallah [for the Kohen] (see Tractate Hallah, Chapter 1, Mishnah 1 and Chapter 2, Mishnah 6). But they don’t require all of them together for one type mixed with another do not combine, but rather the wheat combines with he spelt alone because they are a species of wheat (see Tractate Pesahim 35a), but the barley combines with all except for the wheat. And even though that spelt is a kind of wheat, it is not exactly the special of wheat, but rather a type of barley and even a type of wheat, and they combine with the wheat and the barley. But however, in the Jerusalem Talmud it implies that if they were kneaded together, they combine, even one type mixed with another type. But if they were not kneaded together, but rather afterwards the started dough would become affixed to each other, one type with a similar type combine, but [one type] mixed with another type do not combine.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
Introduction
There are five species of grain: wheat, barley, spelt, oats and rye. All other species, such as rice, do not count as grain, and laws that apply to grain do not apply to them. Our mishnah teaches a few general halakhot that are applicable to these five species.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ואסורים בחדש – as it is written (Leviticus 23:14): “Until that very day, until you have brought the offering of your God, you shall eat no bread or parched grain or fresh ears,” and we learn/derive [through an analogy of] "לחם"\"לחם" – from Passover. Just as there, from the five species, also here from the five species.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
Wheat, barley, spelt, oats and rye are subject to hallah. These five species of grain are subject to the laws of hallah (when one kneads a certain amount of them, he must separate hallah and give it to the kohen, if the hallah is pure).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ומלקצור מלפני הפסח – that it is forbidden to harvest from the five species prior to the harvesting of the Omer. It is written with regard to the Omer (Leviticus 23:10): “[you shall bring] the first sheaf of your harvest to the priest,” that the beginning of all that is harvest, it comes (i.e., it is derived) [as an a fortiori/Kal VaHomer] "ראשית"\"ראשית" from Hallah, it is written there (Numbers 15:20): “as the first yield of our baking,” and it is written here (Leviticus 23:10): “[you shall bring] the first sheaf of your harvest to the priest,” just as there it is from the five species, so here too it is from the five species.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
And they are reckoned together. These five species are reckoned together for all prohibitions and obligations. Thus if one kneaded together dough made from wheat and dough from barley and when reckoned together there was enough dough to require one to separate hallah, he would be obligated to take out hallah (see Hallah 1:1). The same would be true for prohibitions such as hametz on Pesah and other obligations, such as eating matzah on Pesah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ואם השרישו – one of these five species prior to the reaping of the Omer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
They are forbidden [to be eaten] as new grain before the omer. Before the omer is offered on the 16th of Nissan, these five species are prohibited from the new crop.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
העומר מתירן – and it is permitted to harvest them after the harvesting of the Omer. As it is written (Exodus 23:16): “[and the Feast of the Harvest, of the first fruits of your work,] of what you sow in the field,” from the time that it is sown and takes root in the field.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
And they may not be harvested before Pesah. Before Pesah, one is not supposed to even harvest any of the new grain. The Torah states that the omer should be “the first of your harvest” (Leviticus 23:10), implying that this grain should be the first to be harvested.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
ואם לאו – they did not take root other than after the reaping of the Omer.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Menachot
If they had taken root before the omer, the omer permits them; And if not, they are forbidden until the next year's omer. This section determines when grain is considered is to be part of the new crop. If it took root before the omer was offered, then it is part of the pre-omer crop and can be harvested once the omer was harvested. However, if it had just been planted before the omer and had not yet taken root, then one would have to wait for the following year’s omer before it can be harvested.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Menachot
אסורים שיבוא העומר הבא – of the coming year.
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