Комментарий к Ядаим 1:1
מֵי רְבִיעִית נוֹתְנִין לַיָּדַיִם, לְאֶחָד, אַף לִשְׁנַיִם. מַחֲצִית לֹג, לִשְׁלשָׁה אוֹ לְאַרְבָּעָה. מִלֹּג, לַחֲמִשָּׁה וְלַעֲשָׂרָה וּלְמֵאָה. רַבִּי יוֹסֵי אוֹמֵר, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁלֹּא יִפְחֹת לָאַחֲרוֹן שֶׁבָּהֶם מֵרְבִיעִית. מוֹסִיפִין עַל הַשְּׁנִיִּים וְאֵין מוֹסִיפִין עַל הָרִאשׁוֹנִים:
Четверть [ бревна , определенная единица объема] воды следует вылить на руки для [ритуального мытья рук] для одного человека и даже для двух. Половину бревна [нужно вылить из] за три или четыре. А из [сосуда, содержащего] одно бревно [воды], пять, десять или даже сто [люди могут мыть руки]. Раввин Йосе говорит: но только при условии, что не осталось меньше четверти [ бревна ] для последнего из них [для мытья]. Можно добавить [воду, выливая ее на руки мимо того места, где она упала], во вторую [выливание воды; т. е. во время третьего розлива можно пролететь мимо того места, где вода упала во время второго розлива]. Но нельзя добавлять к первому [заливку; т. е. во время второго розлива нельзя пролетать мимо того места, где вода упала во время первого розлива].
Bartenura on Mishnah Yadayim
מי רביעית - water that has in it the measurement of one-quarter of a LOG, which is an egg-and-a-half [in volume].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
Introduction
The first mishnah of Yadayim is about how much water is necessary for the ritual washing of one's hands. A log is about 1/2 a liter of water. So the basic amount of 1/4 log works out to about 100 grams of water, a third of a can of Coke for those who drink that stuff.
We should note that the Mishnah expresses washing one's hands by referring to a servant doing the work. The servant literally gives water to the diner's hands. This is expressive of the setting of a formal banquet. In other words the Hebrew phrase "netilat yadayim" or "notnim leyadim" used in this Mishnah are translations of common Greek words. It shows how much influence eating customs had on the Jews of the period.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yadayim
נותנים לידים לאחד אף לשנים – for one [person] we require ab initio one-quarter of a LOG. Even for two [people] if there was in it from the outset a quarter of a LOG and the first [person] poured [water over his hands] and afterwards the second [person], even though there wasn’t a quarter [of a LOG] for the second [person], it is all right, since they come from the remnants of purity (see Talmud Hullin 107a). But Maimonides [brings] an explanation, that specifically it is water for the second pouring [i.e., pouring water on the hands prior to consuming Terumah/heave offering (for a Kohen)] that we don’t we require a quarter of a LOG for each person, since his hands had already been purified from the first rinsing, but the first pouring, there cannot be less than one-quarter of a LOG for each person. But my Masters/Teachers did not explain it thusly.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
[A minimum of] a quarter [of a log] of water must be poured over the hands for one [person] and even for two. For two people it is sufficient to have one quarter log of water. Although there won't be this amount left for the second person who has water put over his hands, since the second pouring comes from an amount that was originally sufficient, and the original amount was used to purify, the lesser amount of water still remaining is effective. We should note that 1/4 of a log is really a very little amount of water. It would not be effective to truly clean one's hands. It seems to have ritual function only.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yadayim
מחצית לוג לשלשה או לארבעה – according to the measurement of one-quarter of a LOG for two [people], it would be enough to have one-quarter of LOG plus a half [of that amount] for three [people], but since that are a greater number of people, we are concerned lest they are not exacting well to pour [water only] up to the joint , for each person defines exactly regarding [how much he uses] because of his fellow. However, if there is one-quarter of a LOG and a half an the first [person] from them poured one-half of one-quarter of a LOG, the remaining one-quarter of a LOG will be sufficient for the two others, for even at the outset, it is enough for two [people] with one-quarter [of a LOG], all the more so now that they come from to leave over/preserve ritual purity. But if it was not done/take effect from this, these words [apply] were there didn’t remain one-quarter [of a LOG of water] for the last two [people].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
A minimum of half a log must be poured over the hands for three or four persons. For three or four persons they must double the amount to half a log.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yadayim
ובלבד שלא יפחות לאחרון שבהן מרביעית – that there will be in the vessel one-quarter of a LOG at the time when the last person pours water on his hands/ritually washes them. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yossi.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
A minimum of one log [is sufficient] for five, ten, or one hundred persons. According to this opinion, once we get to a higher number, even 100, one log is sufficient. There need not be 1/4 of a log per person.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yadayim
מוסיפין על השניים ואין מוסיפין על הראשונים – the law of pouring water on/washing the hands that requires washing the hands until the joint, and after he washed his hands with one pouring even though his hands are pure if he wiped them with a napkin, nevertheless, if he goes back and touches the water that is on the napkin, his hands are impure, and if a loaf of Terumah/heave-offering came in contact with them, it is impure, and therefore, it is the practice that he does another pouring of water to purify the first waters that are upon his hands, but now it is stated that if he placed water a second time but they didn’t reach the joint, he is able to add upon them and to pour water from a place that he didn’t pour there initially, and the first waters that are upon his hands are purified. But on the first waters, if they didn’t reach the joint, he is not able to add, but rather he must dry his hands and return and pour water at once that they should reach the joint.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
Rabbi Yose says: as long as there is not less than a quarter of a log left for the last person among them. Rabbi Yose disagrees with the previous three sections. There must always be 1/4 of a log left over for each person. Many people could wash from the same washing cup (or whatever they used) but there has to be 1/4 of a log for each and every one.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yadayim
More [water] may be added to the second water, but more may not be added to the first water. When one pours water over one's hands their need to be 2 pourings. For the first pouring the water must go up to the joint, which is interpreted either as the second joint of the fingers or the joint attaching the fingers to the hand (we will see this in 2:3). The problem is that his fingers now defile the water that is on them. To fix this problem he then washes off the water with more water. We will learn more about this process in chapter two. If the first washing didn't reach all the way to the joint, he is not allowed to pour the second pouring in a place where the first one didn't reach. Rather, he would have to redo the whole thing. But if the second pouring didn't reach the joint, he can just add water to the spots he missed.
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