Мишна
Мишна

Комментарий к Эдуйот 1:13

מִי שֶׁחֶצְיוֹ עֶבֶד וְחֶצְיוֹ בֶּן חוֹרִין, עוֹבֵד אֶת רַבּוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד וְאֶת עַצְמוֹ יוֹם אֶחָד, דִּבְרֵי בֵית הִלֵּל. אָמְרוּ לָהֶם בֵּית שַׁמַּאי, תִּקַּנְתֶּם אֶת רַבּוֹ, וְאֶת עַצְמוֹ לֹא תִקַּנְתֶּם. לִשָּׂא שִׁפְחָה, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל. בַּת חוֹרִין, אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל. לִבָּטֵל, וַהֲלֹא לֹא נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם אֶלָּא לִפְרִיָּה וּרְבִיָּה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה מה), לֹא תֹהוּ בְרָאָהּ לָשֶׁבֶת יְצָרָהּ. אֶלָּא, מִפְּנֵי תִקּוּן הָעוֹלָם, כּוֹפִין אֶת רַבּוֹ וְעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתוֹ בֶן חוֹרִין וְכוֹתֵב שְׁטָר עַל חֲצִי דָמָיו. חָזְרוּ בֵית הִלֵּל לְהוֹרוֹת כְּבֵית שַׁמָּאי:

Если бы один был наполовину раб, наполовину свободен, [как раб двух партнеров, освобожденный одним из них, или как тот, чей хозяин получил от него половину своих (выкупных) денег, с помощью которых половина его была освобождена ], он служит своему господину один день, а сам другой день. Это слова Бет Гилель. Бет Шаммай сказала им: вы помогали его господину, [который ничего не теряет], но вы не помогали ему! Он не может жениться на служанке, [из-за части его, которая свободна], и он не может (жениться) на свободной женщине, [из-за части его того, кто является рабом]. Должен ли он воздержаться (от брака)? Разве мир не был создан для того, чтобы иметь детей? а именно (Исаия 5:18): «Не зря Он сотворил это; чтобы быть укоренившимся, Он сформировал это!» Но для мировой поправки (тиккун хаолам) мы заставляем его хозяина освободить его, и он пишет (своему хозяину) записку (о долгах) за половину своей стоимости. [(То же самое относится, если он был рабом сотни партнеров; все они были вынуждены освободить его)]— после чего Бет Гилель отказалась, чтобы править в соответствии с Бет Шаммай.

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

מי שחציו עבד וחציו בן חורין – such as slave of two partners and one of them freed him; alternatively, his master received from him half of the monies [of his worth] and freed half of him with those funds.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot

Whoever is half a slave and half a free man should work one day for his master and one day for himself, according to Beth Hillel.
Beth Shammai said to them: “You have set matters in order with regards to his master, but you have not set matters in order with regards to himself. He is not able to marry a slave-woman, nor is he able [to marry] a woman who is free. Is he to refrain [from marrying]? [How can he] for is it not the case that the world was created in order for people to be fruitful and multiply? For it is said, “He did not create it to be a waste; but formed it for inhabitation” (Isaiah 45:18). But for the rightful ordering of the world his master is compelled to make him free, and he writes out a bond for half his value.”
Then Beth Hillel changed their mind and taught according to the opinion of Beth Shammai.

This mishnah discusses the case of a slave who is half free and half a slave. This situation could arise if a slave was owned by two masters and one of them set his half free. Beth Hillel allows such a situation to persists and rules that one day a week he should work for his master and one day a week he works for himself. In other words, this person can remain a half-slave.
Beth Shammai remarks to Beth Hillel that this is a fine arrangement for the master, but does not solve an essential problem for the slave. A slave is permitted to marry a female slave but a regular Jew is not allowed to marry a female slave. The half of this person who is a slave could marry a female slave but not a free Jewish woman, and the half of this person who is a Jew (when slaves are freed they become Jewish) could marry a Jewish woman but not a slave woman. Since this problem is irreconcilable, he could not marry anyone. Beth Shammai points out that this is also not an acceptable situation, and contradicts the existence of the entire creation. God created people so that they could establish families and not so that they could remain celibate.
The only solution is that he must be freed by the one remaining master, who writes him a manumission document. The slave then accepts upon himself a debt to pay back his owner and the slave goes free.
When Beth Hillel heard Beth Shammai’s argument they accepted it, and taught like them.
We should note how truly remarkable this mishnah is. Slavery was an accepted institution in the ancient world, and in every society slaves were amongst the lowest of the social classes. Nevertheless, Beth Shammai is concerned that even slaves should have the opportunity to fulfill the purpose of the creation of the world: procreation.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

תקנתם את רבו – who is not lacking anything
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

לישא שפחה אינו יכול – because of the side of freedom that is in him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

בת חורין אינו יכול – because of the side of servitude that is in him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy

Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot

כופין את רבו ועושהו בן חורין – and the same law applies if he was the slave of one-hundred partners and one of them freed him, we force all of them to free him.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Предыдущий стихПолная главаСледующий стих