Comentário sobre Eduyoth 1:7
בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מִן הָעֲצָמִים, בֵּין מִשְּׁנַיִם בֵּין מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה. וּבֵית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, רֹבַע עֲצָמוֹת מִן הַגְּוִיָּה, מֵרֹב הַבִּנְיָן אוֹ מֵרֹב הַמִּנְיָן. שַׁמַּאי אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ מֵעֶצֶם אֶחָד:
Beth Shammai diz: Um quarto [de um kav] dos ossos [dos mortos], seja de dois ou três, [causa impureza na tenda. E menos de um quarto causa impureza apenas ao tocar ou carregar, mas não em uma barraca. E Beth Shammai sustenta que um quarto de kav causa tumah (impureza) mesmo que sejam de muitos mortos.] E Beth Hillel diz: Um quarto (de um kav) dos ossos do corpo. [Isto é, do corpo de um homem morto e não de muitos mortos. E, mesmo de um homem morto, não há tumah, a menos que haja no quarto de um kav] a maioria dos edificados [isto é, a maioria dos edificados do corpo] ou a maioria do número [dos ossos de um homem—cento e vinte e cinco, os ossos de um homem contando duzentos e quarenta e oito.] Beth Shammai diz: Mesmo um osso. [ie, se um osso do homem morto enche um quarto de kav, isso causa a impureza da tenda. A halachá está de acordo com Beth Hillel.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot
And Beth Hillel says: “A quarter-kav of bones from a corpse, either from [the bones which form] the greater portion of the [body’s] build, or from the greater portion of the number [of the body’s bones].
Shammai says: “Even from a single bone.”
This mishnah begins to list disputes between Beth Shammai (the school of Shammai) and Beth Hillel (the school of Hillel). The rest of the chapter will contain disputes between these two schools.
Numbers 19:14 teaches that if a person dies in a tent things that are in the tent, including the people, can become impure, even though they have not touched the dead body. Our mishnah discusses how many bones must be in the tent for them to be considered a dead body which will cause ritual impurity.
According to Beth Shammai, a quarter-kav of bones will transmit impurity, as long as they come from at least two or three different bones. Beth Hillel agrees that a quarter-kav of bones is enough to cause impurity but they state that the bones must either come from the greater portion of the body (the hips, thighs, rib cage and spine) or from a majority of the number of bones in the body, considered to be 248. If there is a quarter-kav but they come from only one limb or many limbs but not a majority of the number or from the greater portion, they do not transmit impurity.
Shammai himself is even stricter than Beth Shammai, for he holds that a quarter-kav from one bone transmits impurity.