Comentário sobre Bikurim 2:2
יֵשׁ בְּמַעֲשֵׂר וּבִכּוּרִים מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּתְּרוּמָה, שֶׁהַמַּעֲשֵׂר וְהַבִּכּוּרִים טְעוּנִים הֲבָאַת מָקוֹם, וּטְעוּנִים וִדּוּי, וַאֲסוּרִין לָאוֹנֵן. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר. וְחַיָּבִין בַּבִּעוּר. וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן פּוֹטֵר. וַאֲסוּרִין כָּל שֶׁהֵן מִלֶּאֱכֹל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם. וְגִדּוּלֵיהֶן אֲסוּרִים מִלֶּאֱכֹל בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם אַף לְזָרִים וְלַבְּהֵמָה. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן מַתִּיר. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בַּמַּעֲשֵׂר וּבַבִּכּוּרִים, מַה שֶּׁאֵין כֵּן בַּתְּרוּמָה:
Ma'aser e Bikkurim compartilham [leis] que faltam em Terumah : que Ma'aser e Bikkurim devem ser levados a um local [específico], exigem recitação verbal e são proibidos a um Onen [uma pessoa cujo parente próximo morreu, mas ainda não foi enterrado], enquanto o rabino Shimon permite. Ambos exigem remoção [da casa], enquanto o Rabino Shimon isenta. É proibida a ingestão de qualquer quantidade deles [quando misturados com alimentos normais] em Jerusalém. Qualquer crescimento que advenha deles não pode ser comido em Jerusalém, nem por um não- Kohen , nem por um animal, enquanto o Rabi Shimon permitir. Todas as opções acima são para Ma'aser e Bikkurim , mas não para Terumah .
Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
הבאת מקום – to bring them (Ma’aser Sheni and Bikkurim) to Jerusalem, as it is written (Deuteronomy 12:6): “And there you are to bring your burnt offerings and other sacrifices, your tithes and contributions…”And they [i.e., the Rabbis] expound that “contributions”/תרומת ידכם are First Fruits.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Introduction
Today’s mishnah compares maaser sheni with bikkurim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
וטעונים וידוי – Regarding [Second and Poor] Tithes, it is written (Deuteronomy 26:13): “You shall declare before the LORD your God: ‘I have cleared out the consecrated portion from the house’..” and regarding First Fruits, it is written (Deuteronomy 26:5): “You shall then recite as follows before the LORD your God: ‘My father was a fugitive Aramean’.…” And even though the heave offering (of consecrated foodstuffs) also requires confession as we say (Deuteronomy 26:13): “and I have given it to the Levite, [the stranger, the fatherless and the widow]…”, this is the heave offering/consecrated food [for the Kohen] and the contribution of tithes [by the Levite for the Kohen]. However, However, the [second] tithe and First Fruits are separate tithes, or First Fruits alone require confession, and the heave offering/consecrated food for the Kohen if he only has the heave offering, it does not require confession.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
There are [laws] which apply to [second tithe] and bikkurim but not to terumah:
That [second] tithe and bikkurim must to be brought to [the appointed] place; Both second tithe and bikkurim must be brought to Jerusalem.
That [second] tithe and bikkurim must to be brought to [the appointed] place; Both second tithe and bikkurim must be brought to Jerusalem.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ואסורין לעונן – Regarding the [Second] tithe, it is written (Deuteronomy 26:14): “I have not eaten of iot while in mourning,” and regarding First Fruits, it is states (Deuteronomy 26:11): “And you shall rejoice, [together with the Levite and the stranger in your midst]…” which teaches that these are forbidden to someone in mourning (literally, someone whose dead lies before them, as yet unburied).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
They require confession; When one brings second tithe and bikkurim he has to make a recitation. For maaser sheni he makes what is known as the “confession of tithes”, see Deuteronomy 26:13 and for bikkurim he recites Deuteronomy 26:5-10.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ורבי שמעון מתיר – [Rabbi Shimon permits] First Fruits [to a Kohen] in mourning, for they are called “heave offerings/consecrated food” by the Torah and heave offerings are permitted to someone in mourning.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
They are forbidden to an onen. But Rabbi Shimon permits [bikkurim to an onen]; An onen is a person who has had a close relative die but who has not yet buried him/her. This period extends only to the day of death. When it comes to tithe, as part of his confession he recites, “I did not eat of it in my period of morning (oni).” An onen cannot eat tithe. That same passage refers to tithe as “kodesh (holy)” and since bikkurim are also called “kodesh” the rabbis derive that an onen cannot eat bikkurim either. Rabbi Shimon allows an onen to eat bikkurim. In general we shall see that Rabbi Shimon holds that bikkurim are closer to terumah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
וחייבים בביעור – to remove them out of existence from the world at the end of three years, as it is written in the portion of the [Second] tithe (Deuteronomy 26:13): “I have removed the consecrated portion from the house” and implying also First Fruits, since it is written, “the consecrated portion”. The higher level of sanctity is the First Fruits, which were mentioned in the portion above it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
They are subject to [the law of] removal. But Rabbi Shimon exempts [bikkurim from removal]. On the eve of the last day of Pesah on the fourth and seventh years of the sabbatical cycle one must remove all bikkurim and maaser that has accrued in one’s home (see Deuteronomy 26:13 and Maaser Sheni 5:6). At that point one takes them out and lets them rot. Again, Rabbi Shimon disagrees and says that bikkurim are like terumah and that even after this time period has passed, one must give them to the priest.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ור"ש פוטר – [Rabbi Shimon exempts] First Fruits from the [commandment of] removal, but they should be given to the Kohen, since they are called “Terumah” by the Torah and there is no need to remove Terumah/heave-offering from the world.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And in Jerusalem the slightest mixture of them [with hullin of the same species] renders it forbidden to be consumed [as common food outside of Jerusalem.] If even the smallest amount of either bikkurim or maaser sheni becomes mixed in with hullin, the mixture cannot be eaten outside of Jerusalem. This is true only if the mixture occurs in Jerusalem. However, if the mixture happens outside of Jerusalem, then bikkurim are nullified in a ratio of 100-1 and maaser sheni is nullified as long as it is less than half of the mixture (we learned this in yesterday’s mishnah).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
Are forbidden. [If ] maaser sheni or bikkurim become mixed with chullin, the mixture is forbidden irrespective of the relative quantities, and [they] are not nullified if [the ratio to the chullin is less than] one to a hundred.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And what grows from them in Jerusalem is forbidden to be consumed [outside of Jerusalem], If plants grow in Jerusalem from bikkurim or maaser plants, the new plants must be treated as bikkurim or maaser sheni and they too must be consumed in Jerusalem. If the plants grow outside of Jerusalem then they are treated like hullin (see Terumot 9:4).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
[May] not be eaten in Yerushalaim. That is to say ["may not be eaten if they were mixed while they were in Yerushalayim":] if maaser sheni or bikkurim become mixed with chullin while they are in Yerushalaim, then the mixture is forbidden to be eaten by the laws of chullin, because they are something for which there are reasons to allow [davar sheyesh lo matirin, a category discussed also in Beitzah, 3b: a prohibited item that can be permitted without the process of nullification, and as such the nullification does not take place, not even if mixed in the ratio of a thousand to one] because it is possible to eat the whole mixture where it [already] is, [i.e. Yerushalaim]. But maaser sheni or bikkurim that become mixed with chullin outside of Yerushalaim are not forbidden irrespective of the relative quantities, because it takes effort to bring them up [to Yerushalaim], and as such are not defined as something for which there is reason to allow.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Even by non-priests or by cattle; But Rabbi Shimon permits. A mixture of the tiniest amount bikkurim and hullin is prohibited to non-priests, as are plants that grow from them in Jerusalem. The same is true when it comes to second tithe and hullin: the mixture cannot be eaten by animals, as is generally true of maaser sheni, nor can the plants that grow from it in Jerusalem. Rabbi Shimon says that the rules in the previous three sections apply only to maaser sheni but not to bikkurim.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
And their growths are forbidden. [In the case of]a mixture of maaser [sheni] or bikkurim that was planted and sprouted and grew, also the growths are forbidden to be eaten by the laws of chullin if they are planted and grown in Yerushalaim. And their mixture is forbidden, irrespective of the relative quantities, because it is possible to eat it there in its place.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Even by non-priests or by cattle; But Rabbi Shimon permits. Terumah need not be brought to Jerusalem, nor does one make a confession when one gives it to the priest. The rules regarding terumah are no different inside Jerusalem then they are outside.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
אף לזרים ולבהמה – Second Tithe and First Fruits where we forbid their combination in any amount and their growth also is forbidden, and is forbidden [as well] even for foreigners (i.e. non-Kohanim) and cattle. If [we are dealing with] First Fruits, their combination is forbidden to foreigners and if [we are dealing with] [Second] Tithe, their combination is forbidden for cattle, that is not say specifically regarding the matter of it being eaten outside of Jerusalem which is forbidden in any amount, for that matter we consider a thing which requires an act to make them permissible for one can consume them in their place in Jerusalem, and even in one-thousand parts is not neutralized. But to prohibit this mixture to foreigners (i.e. non-Kohanim) and cattle, for the prohibition of foreigners an cattle have nothing that will make it permissible. You might think that I should say that they would not prohibit the
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
mixture in any amount, therefore, it comes to teach us that since this mixture carries the name “First Fruits” and “[Second] Tithe,” which prohibits eating them outside of Jerusalem, regarding this matter, applies the prohibition for foreigners to eat them if they are First Fruits, or for cattle if it is [Second] Tithe.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ור' שמעון מתיר – This refers only to their growth, for he thinks that they are nullified, but regarding the mixture itself, Rabbi Shimon admits [that it is permitted]. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon for this entire Mishnah.
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