Comentário sobre Bikurim 2:1
הַתְּרוּמָה וְהַבִּכּוּרִים, חַיָּבִים עֲלֵיהֶן מִיתָה וְחֹמֶשׁ, וַאֲסוּרִים לְזָרִים, וְהֵם נִכְסֵי כֹהֵן, וְעוֹלִין בְּאֶחָד וּמֵאָה, וּטְעוּנִין רְחִיצַת יָדַיִם וְהַעֲרֵב שֶׁמֶשׁ. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ בִתְרוּמָה וּבִכּוּרִים, מַה שֶׁאֵין כֵּן בַּמַּעֲשֵׂר:
Terumah [uma porção de uma colheita dada a um padre Kohen ; pl. Kohanim , que se torna santo após a separação, e só pode ser consumido por Kohanim ou sua família] e Bikkurim [primícias que devem ser levadas ao templo em Jerusalém e dadas ao Kohen ] estão sujeitas às leis da morte. penalidade [se um não- Kohen os consumir deliberadamente] e o Chomesh [a penalidade de um quinto adicional adicionado ao pagamento de quem acidentalmente comeu comida santificada], e eles são proibidos a não- Kohanim , e são propriedade da Kohen , e eles são neutralizados em cento e um [de gêneros alimentícios não santificados], e requerem lavagem das mãos [antes do manuseio] e [um Kohen que ficou impuro e depois imerso em tornar-se puro novamente pode comê-los somente] depois pôr do sol. Todas as opções acima são todas para Terumah e Bikkurim , e não para Ma'aser [ Sheni , o segundo dízimo da produção, que deve ser levado a Jerusalém e consumido lá].
Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
התרומה והבכורים חייבין עליהן מיתה – A foreigner (i.e., non-Kohen/priest) who willfully eats them (i.e., the heave offering and the first-fruit offerings) are liable to death at the hands of heaven, as it is written regarding the heave offering (Leviticus 22:9): “[They shall keep My charge, lest they incur guilt thereby] and die for it, having committed profanation: [I the LORD consecrate them].” And “First-Fruits” are called/referred to as Terumah, “the Terumah of your hands” are the First Fruits, as it says concerning them (Deuteronomy 26:4): “The priest shall take the basket from your hand [and set it down in from pf the altar of the LORD your God.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Introduction
The first four mishnayot of this chapter compare the rules governing bikkurim with those governing terumah and maaser sheni.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
וחומש – He (i.e., the foreigner/non-Kohen) who eats of them inadvertently pays the principal amount to the owners and the additional fifth to any Kohen that he desires.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
Regarding terumah and bikkurim:
One is liable to death A non-priest who intentionally eats terumah or bikkurim is liable for “death by the hands of heaven.” He is not executed by a human court.
One is liable to death A non-priest who intentionally eats terumah or bikkurim is liable for “death by the hands of heaven.” He is not executed by a human court.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ואסורים לזרים – it is taught [in the Mishnah] for no reason, for since they (i.e., the non-Kohen who partakes of these) are liable for the death penalty [if eaten willfully] and the payment of the additional fifth [in addition to the principal if eaten inadvertently], it is obvious that it is forbidden to foreigners (i.e., non-Kohanim). And for Rabbi Yehuda who stated that half the legal size is forbidden from the Torah, we have found [worthy] to say that is taught in the Mishnah “forbidden to non-Kohanim/foreigners” for half the legal size – that this is forbidden from the Torah, and there is no death [penalty] or [payment of] the additional fifth.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And the [additional] fifth; If a non-priest eats them unwittingly, when he discovers what he has done he must restore the value plus an added fifth (see Terumot 6:1-2).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And they are forbidden to non-priests; We already know this from sections one and two. It is taught here so that when we read section eight, we will understand that tithes are permitted to non-priests.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
ועולים באחד ומאה – If it got mixed with one-hundred parts of unconsecrated things.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And they are the property of the priest; Bikkurim and terumah are the personal property of the priest who receives them and therefore he can use them to buy any thing he wishes, as long as the person who ends up eating them is also a priest.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
וטעונים רחיצת ידים – A Kohen who wishes to touch them must first [ritually] wash his hands , for one’s unknown hands (i.e., if they are defiled or not) invalidate the Terumah/heave-offering and First Fruits are also called/referred to as Terumah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And they are neutralized in a hundred and one parts; If one part bikkurim or terumah fall into one hundred parts hullin (non-sacred produce), one can remove one part, give it to the priest and the rest remains hullin. If there is less than 100 parts hullin, then the mixture is doubtful terumah/bikkurim and cannot be eaten by a non-priest.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
והערב שמש – An impure person (i.e., in this case, a Kohen), who ritually immersed himself cannot partake of the Terumah until sunset, as it is written (Leviticus 22:7): ‘As soon as the sun sets, he shall be pure; and afterward he may eat of the sacred donations [for they are his food].” And same law applies to the First Fruits.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And they require the washing of hands; One who comes to touch bikkurim or terumah must first ritually wash his hands.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Bikkurim
משא"כ במעשר – which is permitted to foreigners (i.e., non-Kohanim). But it is forbidden to purchase with the monetary value of the Second Tithe/Ma’aser Sheni an impure animal or slaves and land, and it is made void with a majority of it where there is not an act that makes it permissible. But he who touches it does not require the ritual washing of the hands, and it does not require [waiting until] sunset for we have said: He may immerse and come up and eat the Second Tithe.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
And the setting of the sun. Before an impure priest eats terumah/bikkurim he must first go to the mikveh to purify himself. Afterwards he cannot eat them until the sun sets (see Leviticus 22:7).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Bikkurim
These [laws] apply only to terumah and bikkurim, but not to tithe. All of these laws apply only to terumah and bikkurim. When it comes to maaser sheni (second tithe), a non-priest can eat them, one can use maaser sheni money to buy only food, drink or anointing oils (see Maaser Sheni 1:7), and if maaser sheni falls into a mixture, as long as it is less than half the mixture, it is nullified. First tithe is treated like hullin in all ways, except that it must be given to the Levite.
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