Jak to? Jeśli czternasta wypada w poniedziałek, wsie i duże miasta czytają tego dnia, a miasta otoczone murami - następnego. Jeśli wypada we wtorek lub w środę, wioski przenoszą go na dzień zgromadzenia, wielkie miasta odczytują go czternastego, a miasta otoczone murami - następnego dnia. Jeśli wypada w czwartek, wsie i duże miasta czytają tego dnia, a miasta otoczone murami - następnego dnia. Jeśli wypada w szabat, wioski przedkładają go na dzień zgromadzenia, a wielkie miasta i miasta otoczone murami odczytują go tego dnia. [Albowiem nie ma Megillah czytającej w szabat, postanowienie, aby nie wziął Megilla do ręki i nie nosił jej na cztery łokcie w domenie publicznej. A gdyby było opóźnione do niedzieli, oznaczałoby to, że byłby to szesnasty, podczas gdy Pismo mówi: „i (piętnastego) nie można pominąć”. I chociaż ci w otoczonych murami miastach czytali go czternastego, kiedy piętnasty wypada w szabat, to jednak czytają „Vayavo Amalek” tylko w szabat, który jest piętnastym, czytają „Pakadeti” jako haftarę, i oni przejrzyj halachoth z Purim przez cały szabat. Co do święta Purim—niektórzy mówią, że mają ją czternastego, kiedy czytają Megillę; a inni, że opóźniają to aż po szabat. I tak by się wydawało z Yerushalmi—że święto Purim przypadające w Szabat jest opóźnione i nie jest przyspieszone. Wszyscy jednak zgadzają się, że nie odbywa się to w szabat.] Jeśli wypada w niedzielę, wioski zapowiadają to na dzień zgromadzenia [jedenastego], odczytują to w owym dniu wielkie miasta, a miasta otoczone murami na dzień zgromadzenia. Następnego dnia. [Mędrcy pozwolili wioskom przyspieszyć to do dnia zgromadzenia tylko wtedy, gdy Izrael jest na ich ziemi, a posłańcy bet-din wychodzą, aby poinformować ich, kiedy bet-din uświęcił Księżyc w nowiu i kiedy spadnie Pesach. Ale teraz, kiedy ludzie odliczają trzydzieści dni od czytania Megillah do Pesach— jeśli wieśniacy posunęliby się naprzód w czytaniu, obserwowaliby Pesach trzydzieści dni po czytaniu i jedliby chametz w ostatnie dni Pesach, z tego powodu czyta się go tylko w swoim czasie.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
חל להיות י"ד בע"ש, עיירות ומוקפין חומה קורין בו ביום – There is no Megillah reading on Shabbat, as a [rabbinic] preventive measure lest he take it [the Megillah] in his hand and he removes it four cubits into the public domain. And if one were to postpone the reading until after Shabbat, it would be the sixteenth [of Adar], and the Biblical verse (Esther 9:27), said: “ ולא יעבור /in the manner prescribed [and at the proper time each year].” But even though wall-city dwellers read the Megillah on the fourteenth [of Adar] when the fifteenth [of Adar] occurs on Shabbat, nevertheless, we don’t read [the portion] (Exodus 17:8 and following): “Amalek came [and fought with Israel at Rephidim]…” other than on Shabbat which is the fifteenth day [of Adar], and we recite the Haftarah of (I Samuel 15:2-31): “[Thus said the LORD of Hosts:] I am exacting the penalty [for what Amalek did to Israel, for the assault he made upon them on the road, on their way up from Egypt (and following)].” And [further] we discuss and expound the laws of Purim on that Sabbath. And regarding the Festive Purim meal, there are those who say that we do it on the fourteenth day [of Adar] when for on it we read the Megillah; and there are those who say that we postpone it until after Shabbat. And this is implied in the Jerusalem Talmud, that the Festival Purim meal that occurs on Shabbat is postponed but not advanced [to an earlier date], and according to everyone, we don’t do it on Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
Introduction
This mishnah explains how depending on when Purim falls the Megillah might be read on the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth or fifteenth. To explain the mishnah we need to remind ourselves that small villages would not read alone in their own village, but rather would move up, if necessary, the day of the reading so that it would fall on the same day as “the day of gathering,” the market and court day in the larger towns. As we shall see, this can lead to their reading the Megillah on the eleventh, twelfth or thirteenth. The fourteenth and fifteenth are the days when the Megillah is normally read.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
באחד בשבת, כפרים מקדימין ליום הכניסה – that is on the eleventh [of Adar], and these words [indicating] that the Sages were lenient to those who dwell in villages to advance [their Reading of the Megillah] to the day of gathering (i.e., the previous Monday/Thursday], apply at the time when Israel lived [undisturbed] on their land and the messengers of the Jewish court go out to inform [the people] when the Jewish court sanctified the new month and when the Passover [sacrifice] would occur. But in this time, when the people become confused by their reading [of the Megillah at the wrong time] and count from it thirty days until Passover if the villagers were to advance their reading, they would observe the Passover at the end of the thirtieth day of their reading, and [ultimately] it would be found that they would e eating leaven on the last days of Passover. Therefore, we don’t read it [the Megillah] other than at its proper time.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
How so? If the fourteenth [of Adar] falls on Monday, the villages and large towns read on that day and the walled places on the next day. The mishnah begins with the easiest situation. Purim (the fourteenth of Adar) falls on the fourteenth, so everyone can read on that day except for those in walled cities who read on the fifteenth.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
If it falls on Tuesday or on Wednesday, the villages move the reading up to the day of gathering, the large towns read on that day, and the walled places on the next day. If it falls on Tuesday, the people of the villages read on Monday (the 13th), the day of the gathering, and if it falls on Wednesday then they also move it up to the 12th, which is Monday. Again, the people of the large towns read on the fourteenth and the people of the walled cities on the fifteenth.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
If it falls on Thursday, the villages and large towns read on that day and the walled places on the next day. If it falls on Thursday, again, everyone can read on that day except for those in walled cities who read on the fifteenth, on Friday.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
If it falls on Friday, the villages move the reading up to the day of gathering and the large towns and walled places read on that day. If it falls on Friday, the villagers read on the Thursday the thirteenth, those from the large towns and even those from walled cities read on Friday, because the Megillah is not read on Shabbat. The reason that the Megillah is not read on Shabbat is that it is possible to move it up to Friday, so there is no reason to disturb Shabbat. The Talmud also explains that if they were allowed to read on Friday, they might end up carrying the Megillah through the public domain in order to get to synagogue.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
If it falls on Shabbat, the villages and large towns move the reading up to the day of gathering, and the walled places read on the next day. If it falls on Shabbat, everyone moves the reading up to Thursday. Since it can’t be read on Shabbat and it will therefore have to be moved up in any case, they move it up for the large towns all the way to Thursday so that they end up reading it on the same day as the villagers.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
If it falls on Sunday, the villages move the reading up to the day of gathering, the large towns read on that day, and the walled cities on the day following. Finally, if it falls on Sunday, the villagers move the reading up to Thursday, the 11th of Adar, the people from the large towns read on Sunday and those from walled towns read on Tuesday, the 15th.
