Talmud su Ketubbot 9:2

מִי שֶׁמֵּת וְהִנִּיחַ אִשָּׁה וּבַעַל חוֹב וְיוֹרְשִׁין, וְהָיָה לוֹ פִקָּדוֹן אוֹ מִלְוֶה בְּיַד אֲחֵרִים, רַבִּי טַרְפוֹן אוֹמֵר, יִנָּתְנוּ לַכּוֹשֵׁל שֶׁבָּהֶן. רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא אוֹמֵר, אֵין מְרַחֲמִין בַּדִּין, אֶלָּא יִנָּתְנוּ לַיּוֹרְשִׁין, שֶׁכֻּלָּן צְרִיכִין שְׁבוּעָה וְאֵין הַיּוֹרְשִׁין צְרִיכִין שְׁבוּעָה:

Se uno è morto e ha lasciato moglie, creditore ed eredi, e aveva un impegno o un prestito (dovuto lui) nelle mani degli altri, R. Tarfon dice: Deve essere dato ai "più deboli" tra loro . [Alcuni spiegano: a colui il cui atto è il più recente, essendo il "più debole" di tutti, non potendo impadronirsi di beni che erano stati venduti prima di lui (cioè prima della data dell'atto.) Altri spiegano: al ( kethubah della) donna. Viene chiamata "la più debole", non essendo appropriato per una donna, come lo è per un uomo, cercare la proprietà di un morto e indagare su dove ha la terra. E anche se il castello degli orfani non è legato al creditore o alla kethubah della donna, qui, dove non è nel loro dominio, R. Tarfon sostiene che è preso dalla mano del debitore o dalla mano del uno che ha l'impegno, e dato al creditore o alla (donna per lei) kethubah.] R. Akiva dice: "Non c'è pietà nel giudizio", e viene dato agli eredi [e sequestro (dagli altri ) è inutile.] Perché tutti richiedono un giuramento, ma gli eredi non richiedono un giuramento. [Perché se uno viene a raccogliere dalla proprietà degli orfani, può farlo solo con un giuramento. E fintanto che loro (i reclamanti) non giurano, non sappiamo se devono loro qualcosa. Pertanto, quando il padre muore, gli eredi lo ereditano (il prestito o il pegno), ed è nel loro dominio.]

Jerusalem Talmud Sanhedrin

Samuel said, if two men acted as judges, their judgment stands, but they are called an insolent court³⁶Babli 3a,5b,30a,87b; Ketubot 22a. Cf. Berakhot 7:1, Note 18.. Rebbi Joḥanan and Rebbi Simeon ben Laqish both are instructing: Even³⁷Even if the parties accepted them as judges. if two men acted as judges, their judgment is no judgment³⁸In the Babli, this opinion is represented by Rava (5b) and R. Abbahu (87b), the student of R. Johanan and R. Simeon ben Laqish.. There, we have stated³⁹Mishnah Bekhorot 4:4. The Mishnah refers to a person who did not pass the required examinations and was not formally qualified as a judge.: “If he rendered judgment, acquitted the guilty and condemned the innocent, declared the pure impure or the impure pure, what he did is done but he has to pay from his own pocket.” Rebbi Abba in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: if they told him, we accept you as if you were two⁴⁰Since R. Abbahu follows his teachers and holds that any judgment passed by a court of two judges is void, as well as from the following quote, it is clear that one has to read “three” in place of “two”.. What are we dealing with? If his error was that he judged them on his discretion⁴¹If there exists no clear precedent for the case; different schools promulgate different rules and he followed a minority opinion because it seemed to him to be the correct one, his judgment is valid but there is no reason why he should have to pay. The Babli, 33a, declares a judgment against a clear majority of opinions as an error in law., then what he did is done. If his error was that he judged them by Torah law⁴²If his judgment contradicted a Mishnah or a clear precedent, in Israel a judgment of the Patriarch’s court or in Babylonia a concurrent judgment of both Yeshivot, his judgment is void (cf. Ketubot 9:2, Note 100). If any money changed hands as a consequence of the erroneous judgment, it has to be returned., why should he pay from his own pocket? Rebbi Abba in the name of Rebbi Abbahu: if they told him, we accept you as if you were three on condition that you judge us by Torah law. He erred and judged them on his discretion. What he did is done, but since he erred and judged them on his discretion, he has to pay from his own pocket⁴³As a fine. because he was presumptuous to judge alone by Torah law, as we have stated⁴⁴Mishnah Avot 4:8.: “Do not judge sitting alone, for only One judges sitting alone.”

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