Commento su Terumot 2:3
הַמַּטְבִּיל כֵּלִים בְּשַׁבָּת, שׁוֹגֵג, יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם, מֵזִיד, לֹא יִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶם. הַמְעַשֵּׂר וְהַמְבַשֵּׁל בְּשַׁבָּת, שׁוֹגֵג, יֹאכַל, מֵזִיד, לֹא יֹאכַל. הַנּוֹטֵעַ בְּשַׁבָּת, שׁוֹגֵג, יְקַיֵּם, מֵזִיד, יַעֲקֹר. וּבַשְּׁבִיעִית, בֵּין שׁוֹגֵג בֵּין מֵזִיד, יַעֲקֹר:
Chi immerge accidentalmente le navi durante il sabato può usarle. Intenzionalmente, non può usarli. Chiunque decima o cucina accidentalmente di sabato può mangiarne. Intenzionalmente, potrebbe non mangiarne. Chi pianta accidentalmente il Sabbath può lasciarlo crescere. Intenzionalmente - deve sradicare [la pianta]. Se è durante l'anno sabbatico, che sia stato accidentale o intenzionale, deve sradicare.
Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אם היה יודע בתחלה – that it is eatables forbidden pending the separation of sacred gifts or it is ritually impure, even though that at the time that he separated the heave-offering, it was inadvertent, for he forgot that it is forbidden pending the separation of sacred gifts, or that it is ritually impure, it is inadvertently that is close to willfully committed, and he did not do anything. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
Introduction
Our mishnah teaches other cases in halakhah where if someone did something prohibited unintentionally, he may benefit from it, but if he did it intentionally, he may not benefit from it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
המטביל כלים בשבת – that it is forbidden to immerse ritually impure utensils, and to raise them from their ritual impurity on the Sabbath because it appears like repairing a utensil.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
One who immerses [unclean] vessels on Shabbat: If unwittingly, he may use them. But if intentionally, he may not use them. It is forbidden to immerse unclean vessels on Shabbat in order to purify them. The reason is that by immersing them he makes them usable. This is like “completing a vessel” which is forbidden on Shabbat. If he does so intentionally, he may not use them until after Shabbat is over, at a time when he could have immersed them in a permissible manner. However, if he did so unwittingly, meaning he either didn’t know that it was Shabbat or he didn’t know that he is not allowed to immerse vessels on Shabbat, then he can use the vessels immediately. Since he did so accidentally, he is not penalized by having to wait to use the vessels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
והמבשל בשבת – [and he who cooks on the Sabbath] inadvertently , he can eat that cooked dish on Saturday night (i.e., after the conclusion of the Sabbath), but not on the Sabbath itself. But [if he cooked it] willfully, he may not eat of it, but others may eat consume it on Saturday night, as it is written (Exodus 31:14): “You shall keep the sabbath, for it is holy;” it is holy, but its actions are not holy.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
One who separates tithes, or cooks on Shabbat: If unwittingly, he may eat it. But if intentionally, he may not eat it. Similarly, one may not separate tithes or cook on Shabbat. Again, if he does so accidentally, he may eat the food immediately, but if he did so intentionally, he must wait until after Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ובשביעית בין שוגג בין מזיד יעקר – that Israelites were suspected about [observance] of the Seventh year, but are not suspected regarding the Sabbath.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
One who plants on Shabbat: If unwittingly, he may keep the tree. But if intentionally, he must uproot it. It is forbidden to plant on Shabbat. If one did so without knowing that it was Shabbat or that planting was forbidden, he may keep the tree. If not, he must get rid of the tree.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
But if during the sabbatical year, whether [it was planted] unwittingly or intentionally he must uproot it. The one exception to the notion that if one did something unwittingly he may benefit from it is the sabbatical year. Albeck explains that Jews were suspected of working the land during the sabbatical year and then claiming that they had done so unwittingly. To prevent this, the rabbis made the rule especially stringent. Even if the Jew did the work unwittingly (or at least claimed to have done so), they are not allowed to benefit from it.
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