Tutte [comprese le donne] sono adatte a leggere la Megillah, tranne un sordomuto [(Questa Mishnah è in accordo con R. Yossi, il quale afferma che se uno legge e non "lo fa sentire" alle sue orecchie, non ha ha adempiuto al suo obbligo)], un imbecille e un minore. R. Yehudah lo governa per adattarsi a un minore. [L'halachah non è conforme a R. Yehudah.] La Megillah non viene letta, la circoncisione non viene eseguita, l'immersione (rituale) non viene eseguita, l'irrorazione non viene eseguita e anche una donna che osserva "giorno contro giorno" non lo fa immergere fino all'alba. E tutti loro, se lo hanno fatto all'alba, è kasher. [("La Megillah non viene letta" :) Perché uno deve leggere la Megillah di notte e ripeterla di giorno. E la lettura del giorno è solo dopo l'alba, vale a dire. (Ester 9:28): "E questi giorni sono commemorati e celebrati". ("la circoncisione non viene eseguita" :), vale a dire. (Levitico 12: 3): "E l'ottavo giorno circonciderà". ("l'immersione e l'irrorazione non vengono eseguite" :) essendo scritto rispetto all'irrorazione (Numeri 19:19): "E quello pulito deve spruzzare sull'impuro il terzo giorno e il settimo giorno", e l'immersione è paragonato a aspersione. È solo quando si immerge il settimo giorno che deve immergersi solo durante il giorno, e non diciamo che potrebbe immergersi quando fa buio nella notte del settimo, anche se la notte è l'inizio del giorno. Ma dopo che è trascorso il settimo giorno, è permesso immergersi di notte. ("una donna che osserva il" giorno contro il giorno "" :) durante gli undici giorni tra uno stato di niddah e l'altro. Se vede sangue in uno di quei giorni, osserva il giorno successivo (nella pulizia) e si immerge quel giorno stesso all'alba. ("Se lo hanno fatto all'alba, è kasher:") Perché quando il giorno sorge, si chiama "giorno", vale a dire. (Nechemiah 4:15): "E abbiamo fatto il lavoro ... dall'alba fino alla comparsa delle stelle", seguito da (Ibid. 16): "... e la notte per noi era di guardia, e il giorno, il lavoro". Dissero "fino all'alba" solo per assicurarsi che non fosse notte, perché non tutti sono esperti nel discriminare l'alba.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
הכל כשרים לקרות את המגילה – [the word] "הכל"/”everyone” – includes women.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
Introduction
The first section of the mishnah deals with who is qualified to read the Megillah. The second section deals with when it can be read.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
חוץ מחרש – Our Mishnah [is according to] Rabbi Yosi, who said (Mishnah Berakhot, 2:3): He who recites the Shema inaudibly to himself, he has not fulfilled [his religious obligation].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
All are qualified to read the Megillah except a deaf person, an idiot and a minor. Rabbi Judah qualifies a minor. Deaf people, idiots (this refers either to one who is mentally retarded or an insane person) and minors are generally not obligated to perform the commandments. As we have mentioned on several occasions, in those days they had no way to communicate with the deaf and little understanding of the insane or retarded. Hence these people were mostly cut off from participating in society. Minors are too young to understand the meaning of the commandments and hence are not obligated. Since these people are not obligated, they cannot perform the commandment for others. This was stated also in Rosh Hashanah 3:8, at the end of that mishnah. Rabbi Judah says that a minor is qualified.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ר"י מכשיר בקטן – But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Megillah
They do not read the Megillah, nor circumcise, nor go to the mikveh, nor sprinkling [purificatory waters], and similarly a woman keeping day for day should not take a ritual bath until the sun has risen. But if any of these things is done after dawn, it is valid. The main reading of the Megillah takes place during the day. The Mishnah teaches that during the day means after the sun has risen. This is also the time for other mitzvoth that need to take place during the day. “Sprinkling” refers to the water mixed with the ashes of the red heifer. “A woman keeping a day for a day” refers to a woman who was impure do to non-menstrual genital discharge. She is impure a day for every day on which she has a discharge. All of these things should be done after the sun has risen. However, if someone did them after dawn, meaning when the sky begins to become light, the actions are still valid, at least ex post facto.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
אין קורין את המגילה – for a person is required/liable to read the Megillah at night and go back to read it [again] during the day. But the reading of the day time should not be until than after sunrise, as it is written (Esther 9:28): “Consequently, these days are recalled and observed in every generation...”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ולא מלין – as it is written (Leviticus 12:3): “On the eighth day [the flesh of his foreskin] shall be circumcised.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
ולא טובלין ולא מזין – as it is written concerning sprinkling (Numbers 19:19): “The pure person shall sprinkle it upon the impure person on the third day and on the seventh day, [thus purifying him on the seventh day….].” And [the Rabbis] made an analogy between (two laws which rest of a biblical intimation or a principle common to both)/היקש – immersion in a ritual bath to sprinkling., and specifically when he immerses [in the Mikveh] on the seventh day, we say that from when it becomes night at the beginning of the seventh day, it is appropriate to immerse [in the Mikveh], and even though that nighttime is the beginning of the “day,” but once the seventh day has passed, it is permissible to to immerse [in the Mikveh] at night.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
שומרת יום כנגד יום – On the eleven days between menstruating cycles. If she saw [blood] one day, she keeps [i.e., “counts”] the day afterwards and immerses on that selfsame day once the sun rises.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Megillah
משעלה עמוד השחר כשר – for once the crack of dawn arrives, it is called “daytime,” as it is written in the book of Ezra (actually, Nehemiah 4:15): “And so we worked on, [while half were holding lances,] from the break of day until the stars appeared.” And it is written after this (verse 16): “…that we may use the night to stand guard and the day to work.” But, they did not say, “until sunrise,” rather in order to leave from the doubt of night, since not all are expert in when the crack of dawn occurs.
