Beth Shammai dit: On s'essuie les mains sur une serviette [après s'être lavé pour le repas] et on la pose sur la table. [Et il utilise la serviette tout au long du repas pour essuyer la graisse alimentaire de ses mains. Il ne peut pas le placer sur l'oreiller sur lequel il est assis—un décret, de peur que l'oreiller ne soit de tumah de premier ordre et que l'eau du séchage des mains mouille la serviette et, au contact de l'oreiller, ne devienne tumah de premier ordre (comme c'est toujours le cas avec les liquides), et la serviette, qu'il utilise constamment au cours du repas, donne du tumah à ses mains. Mais il n'y a aucune raison pour un tel décret vis-à-vis d'une table, il est interdit d'utiliser une table de tumah de second ordre.] Et Beth Hillel dit: (Il la pose) sur l'oreiller. [Beth Hillel soutient qu'il est permis d'utiliser une table de tumah de second ordre. Par conséquent, il ne peut pas placer la serviette sur la table, de peur que l'eau de la serviette ne devienne apprivoisée par la table et, à son tour, ne donne du tumah à la nourriture. S'il le place sur l'oreiller, cependant, la seule cause de préoccupation est que la tumah pourrait être transmise à ses mains.— Mieux vaut que ses mains deviennent apprivoisées (il n'y a pas de base biblique pour un tel tumah, la Torah n'exigeant pas de se laver les mains pour la nourriture non consacrée) que cette nourriture devienne apprivoisée, il y a une base scripturaire pour cette tumah de premier ordre donnant le second ordre. tumah à la nourriture non consacrée.]
Tosefta Berakhot
Workers that were doing [work] by the owner of the house [when they have to say Birkat Hamazon (Grace After Meals)] they say [only] two Berachot (blessings) [instead of the four usual Berachot]. [The way they say Birkat Hamazon is as follows.] He (i.e. the worker) says the first Beracha [in the regular fashion]. [Then] he combines [the Beracha] of Jerusalem (i.e. the 3rd Beracha) with [the Beracha] of the land (i.e. the 2nd Beracha) [into one Beracha], and he seals it off with [the ending of the Beracha] of the land. If [the workers] were doing [the work] for him [and receiving] their meal [as pay, instead of money], or the owner of the house was saying the Birkat Hamazon for them [because he ate together with them, even if they were getting paid money for their work, then] they (i.e. the workers) say [all] four Berachot. [These are] the things during meals regarding which Bet Shammai and Bet Hillel argue. Bet Shammai say, “[When a person makes Kiddush on Friday night,] he says the Beracha for the day [first] and [only] after that he says the Beracha on the wine, because the day causes the wine to be brought out, and since the day already began, however the wine has not been brought out yet [until later that evening].” And Bet Hillel say, “[When a person makes Kiddush on Friday night,] he says the Beracha for the wine [first] and [only] after that he says the Beracha on the day, because it is the wine that causes the holiness of the day to be discussed. [Besides this there is] another explanation. The Beracha for the wine is common and the Beracha for the [Shabbat] day is not common.” And the law follows the words of Bet Hillel.
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Tosefta Berakhot
We pour the cup [of wine, for Kiddush, first] and [only] after that wash hands [before the meal]. ((Because if you say that we wash first, then may be the water that is on the hands will become Tameh, because of the cup [which is Tameh] and it will go back and make the hands Tameh. But rather [we must say that] we pour the cup [of wine for Kiddush] and [only] then wash hands [before the meal].))
