Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Shekalim 4:5

מוֹתַר הַקְּטֹרֶת מֶה הָיוּ עוֹשִׂין בָּהּ, מַפְרִישִׁין (מִמֶּנָּה) שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וּמְחַלְּלִין אוֹתָהּ עַל שְׂכַר הָאֻמָּנִין, וְנוֹתְנִין אוֹתָהּ לָאֻמָּנִין בִּשְׂכָרָן, וְחוֹזְרִין וְלוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. אִם בָּא הֶחָדָשׁ בִּזְמַנּוֹ, לוֹקְחִין אוֹתָהּ מִתְּרוּמָה חֲדָשָׁה. וְאִם לָאו מִן הַיְּשָׁנָה:

Le surplus de l'encens [c'est-à-dire ce qui reste chaque année] —Qu'en fait-on [pour le brûler (dans le service sacrificiel) l'année suivante? Car il n'y a pas d'année sans surplus. Car il y avait 368 portions d'encens et trois portions desquelles le grand prêtre remplirait ses mains sur Yom Kippour. Et tout cela ne pouvait pas être contenu entre ses mains (de sorte qu'il y avait un surplus). De plus, il y avait un surplus chaque année régulière (par opposition à une année bissextile), il y avait 354 jours dans l'année régulière.] Ils s'en séparent [c'est-à-dire de la lishkah], le salaire des artisans [l'épice mélangeurs. Ils (les fonctionnaires du Temple) prennent leur salaire (des artisans) de la terumah de la lishkah, font l'acquisition par l'un des trésoriers au nom des artisans, et il (l'argent) devient chullin. Et même si hekdesh ne devient pas chullin à moins que quelque chose ne devienne hekdesh à sa place, la terumah de la lishkah est différente, Beth-din étant habilité à l'allouer à plusieurs fins. Et après avoir acquis l'argent au nom des artisans], ils le rachètent (l'encens) contre le salaire des artisans. [L'argent est ainsi consacré pour l'ancienne terumah (celle de l'année précédente)], il (l'encens) est donné aux artisans comme salaire, et il leur est ensuite racheté avec (l'argent du) nouveau terumah. [Cette procédure est plus "modeste" (c'est-à-dire conforme à la nature du hekdesh) que de simplement la vendre et la racheter.] Si elle est venue en son temps, elle est tirée de la nouvelle terumah. [Si les nouveaux shekalim ont été amenés avant Rosh Chodesh Nissan, qui est le moment de la nouvelle terumah, le surplus de l'encens est acheté à la nouvelle terumah par la rédemption, comme expliqué ci-dessus.] Et sinon, à l'ancien. [Si le nouveau shekalim n'avait pas encore été apporté, il (le surplus de l'encens) est acheté de l'ancienne terumah, s'il avait déjà été racheté. Et s'il n'avait pas encore été racheté, il est brûlé (dans le service sacrificiel), car le nouveau, n'étant pas arrivé, l'ancien doit être utilisé.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

נותר הקטורת – that remains every year.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

Introduction This mishnah deals with the extra incense. Every day there were two incense offerings, one in the morning and one in the evening (Exodus 30:7-8). The incense for 365 days and for three extra incense offerings on Yom Kippur was prepared ahead of time. The lunar year is only 354 years, so the extra incense was to be saved up for the leap year, when they would add a month. The problem is that from the first of Nisan the incense had to be offered using the new shekels. Our mishnah describes a way in which they could save the incense for the following year and yet still pay for it with new shekels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מה היו עושין בה – to offer as incense to God in the next year, for there is no year without surplus for the incense was made into three-hundred and sixty-eight minas for three-hundred and sixty-five minas is like the three hundred and sixty-five days of the solar [year] and three minas that from them, the High Priest would bring in his handfuls on Yom Kippur but they would not all enter with their handfuls. And furthermore, in each ordinary year, there was a surplus since an ordinary year had three-hundred and fifty-four days.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

What was done with the surplus of the incense?
They would separate from it the wages of the craftsmen, and they would exchange it for the wages of the craftsmen, and they would give it to the craftsmen as their wages, and then they would buy it back again out of a new appropriation. This is how they would turn the incense for the previous year into incense for the following year. First they would separate an amount of incense that would be used to pay the wages of those who make the incense. Then they would redeem that incense with money set aside to pay those craftsmen. The money then would become sacred and the incense would be non-sacred. They then would give the non-sacred incense to the craftsmen as their wages and then they would buy back the incense with new shekels. The craftsmen would have their wages, and the incense was bought with new shekels. They could have done all this in a much simpler way they could simply sell the old incense and then buy it back with new money. However, the rabbis thought that the arrangement of using it for the craftsmen’s wages was more appropriate for sacred money.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מפרישין ממנה – from the chamber.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

If the new month had arrived in time they would bring it with the new appropriation, but if not, they from the old one. If the first of Nisan came on time, meaning that Adar had only twenty-nine days, then they would immediately begin to use the new appropriation to buy the incense and all of the public sacrifices. However, if Nisan did not come on time, meaning Adar had thirty days, they would bring it from the incense bought with the old shekels.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

שכר האומנין – from the pounding of the incense, they would take their payment from the chamber of the sacred donations and they would take possession of the monies for artisans through one hand from the treasurers and they are non-holy [produce], and even though what is holy does not become non-holy if they don’t bring something else in its place for holiness. The sacred donations of the chamber are different since the Jewish court makes a condition upon them to give them for several things. But after the monies were transferred for the needs of the artisans, they would redeem the incense with those monies. But the sacred monies from the old sacred donations, they would give the incense to the artisans as their payment and go back and repurchase it from them with monies of the new sacred donations. And in this way, the matter was much more discreet to not sell it and then go back and repurchase it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

אם בא חודש בזמנו – that they brought new Shekalim prior to Rosh Hodesh Nisan which is the time for the new sacred donations, they purchase the surplus of the incense from the new sacred donations through redemption as we explained above.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

ואם לאו – they had not yet brought their new Shekalim, they purchase it from the old sacred donations if they redeemed it already, and if they had not redeemed it, they offer incense for since the new [donations] had not yet come, they must bring it from the old.
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