Il est permis de casser une cruche (le Shabbath), [ceci étant "mekalkel" (endommager)] afin d'en manger des figues, tant qu'il n'a pas l'intention de faire un récipient [c'est-à-dire de lui faire une belle ouverture ]. Et il est interdit de percer un bouchon d'une (cruche à vin) [c'est-à-dire, le bouchon qui est scellé sur l'embouchure de la cruche; mais il enlève tout, car percer le bouchon est (considéré) façonner une ouverture.] Ce sont les paroles de R. Yehudah. R. Yossi le permet, [ce n'est pas l'ouverture conventionnelle. La halakha est conforme à R. Yossi.] Et il ne peut pas la percer de son côté. [C'est-à-dire que R. Yossi permet de le percer uniquement par le haut, à la tête du bouchon, il n'est pas d'usage d'y façonner une ouverture, mais plutôt d'enlever tout le bouchon. Mais, sur le côté, parfois on perce le côté du bouchon pour faire une ouverture (ne voulant pas l'ouvrir par-dessus pour que les cailloux ou le sable ne tombent pas dans le vin.)] Et s'il était percé, il n'est pas autorisé mettre de la cire dessus, ceci étant memareach ("frottis") [interdit en raison de memachek ("effacement")]. R. Yehudah a dit: Un tel cas [placer de la cire, etc.] est venu avant R. Yochanan b. Zakkai en Arav, et il a dit: "Je crains qu'il ne soit responsable d'une offrande pour le péché" [s'il enduisait de la cire pour la fixer aux parois du récipient autour du trou.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שובר אדם את החבית – because it is damaged.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
This mishnah teaches that one may break open a container to get food out of it, but one may not break open the container in such a way that the container becomes a vessel. Making a vessel is prohibited on Shabbat but ruining vessels is permitted, so long as there is a purpose to ruining them, like getting the food out.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובלבד שלא יתכוין לעשותה כלי – to make for it a nice spout.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may break open a cask in order to eat dried figs from it, provided that he does not intend to make the cask into a vessel. Since breaking the ceramic cask ruins it, she may break it open in order to get out the figs (or whatever else may be inside). However, she may not break it open and leave a nice opening in such a way that the cask becomes a vessel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
אין נוקבים מגופה – that is attached to the mouth of the barrel, for if he were to pierce it, he would he is repairing the opening.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And one may not perforate the stopper of a cask, the words of Rabbi Judah. But the sages permit it. Rabbi Judah holds that one may not perforate the ceramic stopper which is on the top of a cask because that is considered making a vessel. What she should do is remove the stopper altogether. The sages allow it because this is not a normal way of making a vessel.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ר' יוסי מתיר – for it is not the manner for the opening of the barrel with this, and the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yosi.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And one may not pierce it at its side; All agree that one cannot pierce it at its side. In the Talmud there is a debate whether this refers to the side of the cask or the side of the stopper.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ולא יקבנה מצדה – that is to say, that which Rabbi Yosi permits to pierce the bung/stopper, is nor permitted other than above at the top of the stopper, for it is not the manner to make an opening there, but rather, he takes the entire bung/stopper, but from its side, as sometimes when he makes a perforation in the side of the bung, because he does not want to open it above so that stones or dirt will not fall into the wine.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And if it is already perforated one may not place wax upon it, because he smoothes it out. Rabbi Judah said: a case came before Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai in Arav and he said, “I fear [that he may be liable] to a sin-offering.” If the cask/stopper is already perforated she may not spread wax upon it in order to close it up. The problem is that when she pours wax she will also need to smooth it out. The rabbis thought that smoothing out wax was like “erasing” which is prohibited. Rabbi Judah relates a case where a person who perforated a cask/stopper at its side came in front of R. Yohanan ben Zakai and R. Yohanan said that he might be obligated to bring a sin-offering for having unwittingly transgressed Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ממרח – and there is here because of erasing/blotting out.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
בערב – the name of a place.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
חוששני לו מחטאת – if the wax is smoothed over to cleave to the walls of the utensil around the perforation/hole.
