Commentaire sur Oktzim 2:2
כָּל הַגַּלְעִינִין מִטַּמְּאוֹת וּמְטַמְּאוֹת וְלֹא מִצְטָרְפוֹת. גַּלְעִינָה שֶׁל רֹטֶב, אַף עַל פִּי יוֹצְאָה, מִצְטָרֶפֶת. שֶׁל יְבֵשָׁה, אֵינָהּ מִצְטָרֶפֶת. לְפִיכָךְ, חוֹתָל שֶׁל יְבֵשָׁה, מִצְטָרֵף. וְשֶׁל רֹטֶב, אֵינוֹ מִצְטָרֵף. גַּלְעִינָה שֶׁמִּקְצָתָהּ יוֹצְאָה, שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד הָאֹכֶל, מִצְטָרֵף. עֶצֶם שֶׁיֵּשׁ עָלָיו בָּשָׂר, שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד הָאֹכֶל, מִצְטָרֵף. הָיָה עָלָיו מִצַּד אֶחָד, רַבִּי יִשְׁמָעֵאל אוֹמֵר, רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא מַקִּיפוֹ בְטַבַּעַת. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, שֶׁכְּנֶגֶד הָאֹכֶל, מִצְטָרֵף, כְּגוֹן הַסִּיאָה וְהָאֵזוֹב וְהַקּוֹרָנִית:
Tous les noyaux peuvent être rendus impurs et rendre l'impureté, et ne pas s'associer [avec les aliments pour compter dans la mesure de l'impureté]. La fosse d'une datte humide [c'est-à-dire fraîche], même détachée, se joint [avec la date à compter dans la mesure de l'impureté]; celle d'une [date] séchée ne se joint pas. Par conséquent, la membrane environnante [de la fosse] d'une [date] séchée se joint, mais celle d'une fraîche ne se joint pas. Concernant une fosse partiellement détachée, la partie opposée à la partie comestible se rejoint. Un os qui a de la viande dessus, la partie opposée à la partie comestible se joint [avec la viande pour compter dans la mesure de l'impureté, car elle sert à conserver la viande]. S'il y avait [de la viande] d'un côté, le rabbin Yishmael dit: nous le voyons comme s'il [c'est-à-dire la partie comestible] l'entoure comme un anneau [et ainsi cette partie entière de l'os se joint ensemble]; et les Sages disent: la partie opposée à la partie comestible rejoint, comme pour la sarriette, l'hysope et le thym [où seules les parties opposées aux parties comestibles se rejoignent pour compter dans la mesure de l'impureté].
Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
הגלעינים (the stones/kernel of a stone fruit, globule/pits) – like גרעינים/globules, the stone or kernel of a stone fruit.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
All kinds of pits can be defiled and defile but do not join together. Pits are part of the fruit in which they are found and therefore they defile and can be defiled. But since they fall out and are not really attached to the fruit, they do not join together to make the requisite amount.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
ולא מצטרפות – [and do not join together] with the food to complete it to be like an egg’s bulk, for it is considered a handle, but not a protector.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
The pits of fresh dates, even when detached [from the edible part], do join together; but those of dried dates do not join together. People suck on the pits of fresh dates. Therefore, they count fully as part of the date. But dried dates are like other pits, they are not counted with the date.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
גלעינה של רוטב (stones of moist olives) – a stone of a moist olive and it is appropriate to suck.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
Accordingly, the stems of dried dates do join together, but that of fresh dates do not join together. The stem of a dried date is considered to be something that protects the pit from falling out. Therefore, it is fully considered part of the date. But a person doesn't care if the pit of a fresh date falls out, because it's part of the date. Therefore, the stem does not "guard" the fruit and the stem doesn't count.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
אע"פ יוצאה (even though it is detached) – meaning to say, even though it is detached from the food, it joins with the food, because it is consumed, that one sucks it on account of its moistness.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
If only part of a pit is detached, then only that part near the edible portion joins together. If part of a fresh date pit has become detached, only the part next to the date still counts. I really can't imagine how one could actually determine how big the date is, but theoretically it makes sense.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
לפיכך חותל של יבישה (the membranous enclosure separating the stone of a date from its flesh, pericarp – as far as not eatable) – a berry of grapes or figs has a membranous enclosure, that seals the incision of the fruit, and that at the top of the membranous enclosure/pericarp is a peduncle, such is what my Rabbis have explained. And their explanation has difficulties, of what therefore. And I found in the Mishnayot accuracy, therefore, the membranous enclosure separating the stone of the date from its flesh/pericarp, and such is the reading of Maimonides (i.e., חותל של יבישה ) and he explains the reason – that the kernel of a green date, that is of a moist date, combines/joins together, because it is a protector to the fruit, for without the globule/stone or kernel of a stone fruit, the fruit would be lost. But that of pericarp does not combine/join together, for again, the globule/stone or kernel of a stone fruit is not a protector of the fruit, for the moisture that is in the date has already ceased and the globule does not protect it so that it doesn’t become lost. Therefore, the membranous enclosure separating the stone of the date from its flesh/pericarp, and it is the membrane/skin that is wrapped and attached on the globule of the date, combines/joins with the date when it is dry, because the membrane/skin is a protector and not the globule/kernel of a stone fruit.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
[Similarly] with a bone on which there is flesh, only that part that is close to the edible part joins together. The same thing is true when determining the volume of meat. The bone is part of the meat, but only the part of the bone on which there is still some flesh.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
ושל רוטב – that is, the moist date, the membrane does not join/combine. For the globule/stone or kernel of a stone fruit is the protector and not the membrane. And that membrane is called a חותל/membranous enclosure separating the stone of date from its flesh/pericarp. Because it is wrapped and attached to the globule/stone or kernel of a stone fruit. It is the language of (Ezekiel 16:4): “[As for your birth, when you were born your navel cord was not cut, and you were not bathed in water to smooth you; you were not rubbed with salt] nor were you swaddled.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Oktzin
[If a bone] has flesh only upon one of its sides: Rabbi Ishmael says: we take it as though [the flesh] encompasses it like a ring; But the sages say: [only] that part close to the edible part is included [as is the case] for example with savory, hyssop and thyme. The sages debate a case in which there is meat on only one side of the bone. Rabbi Ishmael says that we look at the flesh as if it was a string and if there is enough to go around the bone, it joins together. This would mean even the part of the bone that is not under the flesh would join together. The sages disagree and say that only the part of the bone that has flesh on it joins with the flesh. The other part does not. This is like these three spices that have thin stalks and the spices are on only one side. Whatever has spices on it joins together and whatever does not have spices on it, does not count.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
גלעינה שמקצתה יוצאה (a pit, part of which was detached) – as for example the globule of the moist date, half of which is consumed and half of it remains with the globule.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
מה שכנגד האוכל (that which is near the edible part) – is considered a protector and combines/joins together, but not the other part. And similarly, a bone that has upon it an olive’s bulk of flesh.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
היה עליו – there was flesh on the bone on one side that does not surround the bone, Rabbi Shimon states that we see if there is meat the measurement that it is able to surround its thickness like the thread of woof like a ring around the bone that joins/combines. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Oktzin
כגון הסיאה והאזוב והקורנית (as for example, a plant classified with hyssop/Satureia Thymbra/savory, and the hyssop/marjoram and the thyme) – for also with these, such is their law. What is near the edible part joins together, what is not near the edible part does not join together. And סיאה and קורנית are a species of hyssop. סיאה is TALIAZ in the foreign language and קורנית is SHADRIAH in the foreign language.
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