Une chaise de mariée dont les chipuyim ont été enlevés —Beth Shammai le juge impur (s'il est assis sur un zav), et Beth Hillel le juge propre. [("dont les chipuyim ont été enlevés" :) Nos rabbins comprennent "chipuyim" comme dans "chafei pothachath" (Shabbath 81a), qui sont des dents (c'est-à-dire des projections) dépassant des clés qu'ils fabriquent dans les pays arabes. Ici aussi, ils font des projections sur la chaise de mariée sur laquelle s'appuyer. Le Rambam le comprend comme des sculptures et des figures en bois ou en pierre fixées sur la chaise de mariée. "Beth Shammai la règle impure" (tamei): car elle est toujours apte à s'asseoir. "Et Beth Hillel la règle propre" (tahor): car elle est impropre à une épouse et considérée comme cassée.] Shammai dit: Même le cadre (malbein) de la chaise est tamei. [Autrement dit, même le cadre lui-même sans le siège est tamei; combien plus encore le siège lui-même sans ses accessoires. ("malbein" :) la forme d'une brique carrée faite sur le siège, sur lequel on est assis.] Un siège fixé à une auge de pétrissage [Si l'on a amené un siège d'un endroit différent et l'a fixé à une auge de pétrissage pour être assis sur (et une auge à pétrir elle-même n'est pas rendue tamei si elle est assise, car elle est faite pour pétrir et non pour s'asseoir)]—Beth Shammai la règle tamei, [car le siège n'est pas «neutralisé» (batel) par la cuve de pétrissage.] Et Beth Hillel la règle de tahor [si elle est assise, car le siège est neutralisé par la cuve de pétrissage. (Mais si le siège est intégré dans l'auge de pétrissage elle-même, Beth Shammai et Beth Hillel conviennent que c'est tahor)]. Shammai dit: Même s'il y était intégré [c'est-à-dire, même si le siège était intégré dans l'auge de pétrissage elle-même, il est tamei s'il est assis sur un zav.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
חפויו – Our Rabbis have explained this from the language of (Shabbat 81a) “the pivots” which are the teeth protruding from the keys that are customarily made in the Land of Ishmael, even here that one ordinarily makes in the bride’s litter/chair like teeth protruding in order that they can support them. And Maimonides explained it engravings and drawings that they make from wood or stones and attach them on to the bridal seat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot
According to Leviticus 15:4, any object on which a person who has had a discharge sits is impure. The Rabbis taught that things that are not made to sit upon or are not fit to sit upon, do not receive impurity. Our mishnah discusses two types of stools and whether or not they can receive impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
בית שמאי מטמאין – for they are still fit for sitting.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot
A bride’s stool from which the covering-boards have been taken: Beth Shammai pronounces it [liable to become] unclean, And Beth Hillel pronounce it not [liable to become] unclean. Shammai says: “Even the framework of a stool [by itself is liable to become] unclean.” An ordinary stool was made of four legs held together by four boards (the framework), on which were placed covering boards for sitting. A bride’s stool had, in addition, three upright covering boards (also called ‘covering-boards’), against which the occupant leant. The question in our mishnah is with regards to the status of a bride’s stool that does not have its special covering boards. According to Beth Shammai, since this stool can still be sat upon, it can receive impurity. According to Beth Hillel, since it does not fulfill its intended function as a bride’s stool, it cannot receive impurity. Shammai, again taking the strictest position, holds that even a simple framework with no coverings can receive impurity. Since one could potentially sit on the framework, it is considered enough of a stool to potentially become impure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
ובית הלל מטהרין – but they are not fitting for a bride, and they are like broken.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eduyot
A stool which has been set in a baker’s trough: Beth Shammai pronounces it [liable to become] unclean, And Beth Hillel pronounces it not [liable to become] unclean. Shammai says: “Even one made therein [is liable to become unclean].” If someone took a stool and put it into a kneading trough, in order to put flour or dough upon it, Beth Shammai would still rule that it is a stool and therefore susceptible to impurity. Beth Hillel rules that the stool is now part of the trough, and since the trough can’t become impure, neither can the stool. The reason that the trough can’t become impure is that it was not made for sitting. Shammai rules that even a stool that was made from the outset as part of a trough, and therefore was never intended for sitting, can become impure. Although it was not intended for sitting, since one could sit on it, it can become impure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
מלבן הכסא טמא – that is to say, even the frame by itself, without the seat and without the seat boards is ritually impure; all the more so, the seat without the its boards is ritually impure. The frame, in the form of a square brick they make on the seat and people sit on it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
כסא שקבעו בעריבה – he brought the seat from another place and affixed it in a trough through his sitting in it. But a trough is not ritually (i.e., Levitically) impure arising from someone with gonorrhea’s immediate contact by treading/leaning against it, and it is fit for kneading but not for sitting upon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
בית שמאי מטמאין – because the seat does not become void in the trough.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
ובית הלל מטהרין – from impurity arising from someone with gonorrhea’s immediate contact by treading/leaning upon it, but the sea becomes void regarding the trough. But the seat is made in the body of the trough itself, and the School of Shammai admits to the School of Hillel that it is ritually pure.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eduyot
שמאי אומר – even the sea that is made in the trough itself is impure by gonorrhea’s immediate contact by treading/leaning upon it.
