Mishná
Mishná

Talmud sobre Guitín 5:4

יְתוֹמִים שֶׁסָּמְכוּ אֵצֶל בַּעַל הַבַּיִת אוֹ שֶׁמִּנָּה לָהֶן אֲבִיהֶן אַפּוֹטְרוֹפּוֹס, חַיָּב לְעַשֵּׂר פֵּרוֹתֵיהֶן. אַפּוֹטְרוֹפּוֹס שֶׁמִּנָּהוּ אֲבִי יְתוֹמִים, יִשָּׁבֵעַ. מִנָּהוּ בֵית דִּין, לֹא יִשָּׁבֵעַ. אַבָּא שָׁאוּל אוֹמֵר, חִלּוּף הַדְּבָרִים. הַמְטַמֵּא וְהַמְדַמֵּעַ וְהַמְנַסֵּךְ בְּשׁוֹגֵג, פָּטוּר. בְּמֵזִיד, חַיָּב. הַכֹּהֲנִים שֶׁפִּגְּלוּ בַמִּקְדָּשׁ מְזִידִין, חַיָּבִין:

Si los huérfanos dependían de un jefe de hogar [para llevar a cabo sus asuntos — a pesar de que no fue nombrado un apotropos, se lo considera uno ("apotropos", del latín: padre- "pater"; niños- "potos" —por lo tanto: "apotropos" - "el padre de los jóvenes")], o si su padre designó un apotropos para ellos, debe diezmar sus frutos. Si el padre de los huérfanos designó a un apótrofo, debe jurar (que no se apropió indebidamente de nada de ellos). [Porque si no obtuviera ningún beneficio, no sería un apóstol para él, y el juramento no actuaría como un elemento disuasorio (a su aceptación de la cita)]. Si Bet-din lo nombró, no jura. [Porque le está haciendo un "favor" a Beth-din al aceptar su cargo y esforzarse gratis; y si tuviera que jurar, esto actuaría como un elemento disuasorio.] Abba Shaul dice: "Todo lo contrario". [Si Bet-din lo nombró, debe jurar. Porque debido a que obtuvo la satisfacción de ganarse la reputación de un hombre honesto, en quien confiaba Beth-Din, el juramento no actuaría como disuasivo. Pero si el padre de los huérfanos lo nombró, él no jura, porque le está haciendo un favor al esforzarse gratuitamente por sus hijos, y si se le impusiera un juramento, actuaría como un elemento disuasorio. La halajá está de acuerdo con Abba Shaul.] Si uno contamina [el producto limpio de su vecino] o mezcla [terumah con chullin (producto mundano) de su vecino, causándole una pérdida al obligarlo a venderlo barato a los Cohanim], o mezclas [vino libaciones con vino kosher, de modo que el beneficio no pueda derivarse de él]—(si lo hace) sin darse cuenta, no es responsable; si intencionalmente, él es responsable. [Por ley, no debe ser responsable, porque "el daño no reconocible no se llama 'daño'"; pero debido al "bien general", que los hombres no vayan y contaminen los productos de su vecino bajo exención de responsabilidad (se le hizo responsable).] Si Cohanim invalida en el santuario [ofrendas que sacrificaron y cuya sangre rociaron, por el pensó en comerlos fuera de su tiempo apropiado, descalificándolos (como ofrendas) para sus dueños]—(si lo hicieron) intencionalmente, son responsables. [Porque sabían que lo hacían inadecuado por eso. Deben reembolsar a los propietarios, quienes deben traer otras ofrendas. E incluso si se tratara de una ofrenda de regalo, que no debe ser reemplazada, aún así, el propietario está disgustado porque su ofrenda no se sacrifica, porque era su deseo de traerla como un regalo.]

Jerusalem Talmud Bava Kamma

Did we not state: “If a bull of a deaf-mute, insane, or underaged person gored, one appoints a guardian for them and receives testimony about them in the presence of the guardian”51The Mishnah seems self-contradictory. Either incompetent persons are not liable or they have to be represented by guardians whose duty it will be to indemnify the victims of the animals of the incompetent. The question is also asked in the Babli, 39a. It is answered there but here left unanswered. One may not assume that the treatment of the Babli is valid for the Yerushalmi. It is more likely that the question is not answered because the Mishnah has a straightforward interpretation: The incompetent are not liable, but it is the duty of the court to intervene and appoint guardians responsible for future control of the dangerous animals (Midrash Haggadol Ex. 21:36).? So far if testimony was taken in the presence of the owner and he delivered to the guardian. If testimony was taken in the presence of the guardian and he delivered to the owner52This text seems to be devoid of sense. One may adopt the emendation of Pene Moshe and switch the objects: “So far if testimony was taken in the presence of the guardian and he delivered to the owner. If testimony was taken in the presence of the owner and he delivered to the guardian?” This text refers to the disagreement between R. Meïr and R. Yose. For the latter, a notorious beast always remains notorious. For R. Meïr the designation of “notorious” lapses if the animal is handed over to the grown-up owner by the guardian. What would be his opinion if an owner of a notorious beast developed a mental illness and his estate were handed to a guardian by the court? Does he also hold that the designation of “notorious” lapses in this case?? Let us hear from the following: 53Babli 40a, Tosephta 5:4.“If somebody borrowed it with the understanding that it was tame but it turned out to be notorious, the owner pays half of the damages and the borrower pays half of the damages54The owner has to pay full damages for the notorious animal. Since he failed to inform the borrower, he has regress on him only for half the damages since the borrower is responsible to watch the animal to make sure it causes no damage as “tame”. (For the different versions of the Tosephta, cf. S. Lieberman in Tosefta kiFshutah.).” Rebbi Eleazar said, this is Rebbi Yose’s, since Rebbi Yose said, it remains in its prior state. But if this is Rebbi Yose’s, he55Since for R. Yose the status of the animal does not change with a change of control, the borrower should be liable for the entire damage. should pay in full. If he borrowed it with the understanding that it was tame56Same explanation given in the Babli, 40a.. But if he borrowed it with the understanding that it was tame, he should not have to pay anything. If he knew that it was apt to gore57But the borrower was not informed that the animal had been declared notorious by action of the court.. It was stated58Tosephta 5:4; cf. Babli 44b/45a, 98b.: “If it killed while at the borrower’s, who handed it back to the owners, before judgment was rendered he is not liable59Since he handed back a bull, he does not have to replace it even though after judgment the bull will not be worth anything., after judgment was rendered60That the bull has to be killed and its carcass forbidden for usufruct (Ex. 21:28). he is liable. Rebbi Jacob said, even after judgment was rendered but before it was stoned, he is not liable61Since he returned the bull; its changed legal status is not apparent..”
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