Estas son las doncellas [que, aunque no aptas (pasul, reciben knass (el pago de la multa). Si un hombre obliga a una de ellas, le da a su padre cincuenta kesef.): Una que vive con un mamzereth, una Nethinah, [una de los Giveonitas. Debido a que Joshua los hizo (nathnam) torres de madera y cajones de agua, se les llamó "Nethinim", y se les prohibió entrar en la congregación.], y un Cuthita [Esta tanna sostiene que los Cuthitas son "prosélitos de león" y son considerados como gentiles], alguien que vive con un prosélito, una mujer cautiva o una esclava que había sido redimida, proselitista y liberada cuando tenían menos de tres años y un día de edad. [Porque se supone que fueron vírgenes (cuando vivía con ellas). Porque incluso si habían sido vividas en su cautiverio o cuando eran gentiles, sus signos virginales regresan.] Si uno vive con su hermana, la hermana de su padre, la hermana de su madre, la hermana de su esposa , la esposa de su hermano, la esposa del hermano de su padre [si ella estuviera comprometida con uno de ellos hem y se divorció durante el compromiso y todavía era virgen], o niddah, reciben knass. [Porque] a pesar de que están sujetos a Kareth, no están sujetos a la pena de muerte judicial. [Kareth no exime a uno del pago. Esto es así cuando no hubo advertencia previa (hathra'ah), pero si la hubo, está exento de knass, la regla es que todos los sujetos a Kareth que están advertidos previamente reciben franjas, y uno no recibe ambos. rayas y paga.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
אלו נערות – for even though they are ineligible/invalid [as marriageable parners], they are assessed a fine. If a man perpetrated violence against one of them, he gives to her father fifty silver [coins].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Introduction
Deuteronomy 22:28-29 states, “If a man comes upon a young girl, a virgin who is not engaged and he seizes her and lies with her, and they are discovered, the man who lay with her shall pay the girl’s father fifty shekels of silver and she shall be his wife. Because he has violated her, he can never have the right to divorce her.”
The rabbis learn from these verses that if a man rapes a virgin he must pay her father a fine of 50 shekels, which is the equivalent of 200 dinars. Furthermore, he must marry her. Through a careful reading of the wording of these laws the rabbis concluded that this rule applies only to a virgin (betulah) who is also young (na’arah), which means any girl who has reached the age of 12 and has shown signs of pubery. A girl remains in this status for only six months. After that she is considered to have reached adulthood and one who rapes her does not pay the fine.
Before we proceed, we should remember that the fine was only one payment made by the rapist to his victim. He also had to pay all of the damages that one pays for injuring another person. We should also remember that society’s attitude towards rape has changed drastically in the last century. Rape is a horrible crime and while we are discussing the technical aspects of who receives a fine and who doesn’t, we shouldn’t forget what we are talking about.
Our mishnah teaches that a man must pay the fine to a woman even if he is not allowed to marry her.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
הנתינה – from the Gibeonites and on account that Joshua made them choppers of wood and water carriers, they are called Netinim, and they forbidden to enter into the community [of Israel].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
These are girls to whom the fine is due: If one had intercourse with a mamzeret, a netinah, a Samaritan; The women in this section are forbidden in marriage to an Israelite. Our mishnah teaches that although they are forbidden in marriage, he still must pay them the fine. A mamzeret was defined in Yevamot 4:9. A netinah is a descendent of Temple slaves. The Samaritans were considered a splinter group by the rabbis and Jews were forbidden from marrying them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
על הכותית – This Tanna/teacher holds that Kutim are “lion-proselytes,” (i.e., proselytes from mere fear, with reference to II Kings 17:25) and are considered as heathens.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Or with a convert, a captive, or a slave-woman, who was redeemed, converted, or freed [when she was] under the age of three years and one day. It is assumed that a non-Jewish woman is not a virgin. Captives are assumed to have been raped and slave-women are also assumed to be non-virgins. Furthermore, as we have learned before, the rabbis thought that if a woman lost her virginity before the age of three years and one day, her physical signs would later return. Therefore if these women made the passage into being full, free Jews or were redeemed from captivity before the age of three, they are assumed to have returned to being virgins. Therefore, they receive the fine.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
פחותות מבת שלש שנים – that is they have the legal presumption of being virgins, even though they had intercourse during captivity or while in a gentile status, their virginity returns.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
If one had intercourse with his sister, with the sister of his father, with the sister of his mother, with the sister of his wife, with the wife of his brother, with the wife of the brother of his father, or with a woman during menstruation, he has to pay the fine, [for] although these are punishable through kareth, there is not, with regard to them, a death [penalty inflicted] by the court. The women listed in this section are forbidden to a man, and having relationship with them is punishable by kareth (a punishment inflicted by God and not by the court). Since the court does not execute the man for having had intercourse with these women, he is liable to pay the fine. Note that in order for him to be liable to pay the fine, these women cannot be married nor have been married. The only situation that he will be liable to pay the fine for having intercourse with one of these women is if they were betrothed to one of these men and then divorced or widowed before proper marriage. Had they been married when he raped them, he would be liable for the death penalty for having committed adultery. Had they been fully married and then divorced or widowed, they would not be considered virgins, and hence he would not be liable to pay the fine.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ועל אשת אחיו ועל אשת אחי אביו – that she was betrothed to one of them or divorced from betrothal, and she was still a virgin.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
שאע"פ הן בהכרת אין בהן מיתת ב"ד – and extirpation does not exempt from payment/indemnity, and these words [apply] where there had been no warning but if they ad been warning, one is exempt from the fine, for hold that those who are liable for extirpation who had been warned are flogged, for no one is flogged and pays a fine.
