Einer, der eine kahle Stelle auf seinem Kopf macht, einer, der die Ecken seines Kopfes abrundet, einer, der die Ecken seines Bartes zerstört, und einer, der eine Verletzung (in seinem Fleisch) für einen Toten macht, neigen zu Streifen. [Diese werden in unserer Mischna angeführt, da für jede kahle Stelle, jeden Schnitt und jede Ecke eine Haftung besteht, anstatt verbotene Fette Stück für Stück zu essen. Aber andere (Übertretungen von) negativen Geboten allein, bei denen es keine Neuheit gibt, werden nicht angeführt. ("eine kahle Stelle" :) für eine tote Person, nämlich. (5. Mose 14: 1): "Und mache keine Kahlheit zwischen deinen Augen für die Toten." Und obwohl in Bezug auf Cohanim (3. Mose 21: 5) nicht "für die Toten" geschrieben steht, leitet sich dies aus der Identität ab: "Kahlheit" - "Kahlheit"—Wie bei einem Israeliten für die Toten, so bei Cohanim für die Toten. Und die Größe der "Kahlheit" ist wie ein Garis (eine Bohne). ("Einer, der die Ecken seines Kopfes abrundet" :) Ausrichten der Haare seiner Schläfen mit denen hinter seinen Ohren und denen seiner Stirn. Selbst beim Schneiden mit einer Schere, bei der es keine "Zerstörung" gibt, haftet man für die Ecken des Kopfes. Denn "Zerstörung" (Hashchathah) steht nur für den Bart und wird nur mit einem Rasiermesser erhalten. Aber in den Ecken des Kopfes steht "Abrunden" (Hakafah) geschrieben; er haftet für jede Art von Abrundung.] Wenn man eine Verletzung für fünf Tote oder fünf Verletzungen für eine tote Person macht, haftet er für jede einzelne Person [es wird geschrieben (3. Mose 19:28): "Und a Verletzungen für eine (tote) Person, die Sie nicht machen dürfen, "was bedeutet, dass für jede Verletzung und für jede Person eine Haftung besteht, selbst wenn nur eine Warnung vorhanden war und alle fünf Verletzungen gleichzeitig vorgenommen wurden.] Für (Abrunden der Ecken von) Am Kopf haftet er zweimal (einmal für eine Seite [rechts], einmal für die andere [links]. Für (Zerstörung der Ecken) des Bartes (er neigt zu Streifen) zweimal für eine Seite, zweimal für die andere und einmal für den Boden. [die Verbindung von Kinn und Knochen: eine rechts vom Kinn, eine links und die Bartspitze in der Mitte—- drei; und die Tempelknotenpunkte auf beiden Seiten—fünf. Der obere Wangenknochen an den Schläfen und der untere Wangenknochen rechts; und der obere und untere Wangenknochen links— zwei auf der einen Seite, zwei auf der anderen Seite und die Spitze des Bartes, von der das Haar wie ein Ohr ausgeht (aus Mais, Shibboleth, weshalb es "Shibboleth des Bartes" genannt wird). —fünf.] R. Eliezer sagt: Wenn er alles auf einmal auszieht, haftet er nur einmal (gegenüber Streifen). [Da es sich nur um ein negatives Gebot handelt, ist es, als würde er bei einer Warnung zwei olivgrüne Mengen verbotener Fette essen.] Und er haftet nicht, wenn er es nicht mit einem Rasiermesser rasiert. [Dies bezieht sich auf die Ecken des Bartes, in Bezug auf die "Rasieren" und "Zerstören" geschrieben sind.] R. Eliezer sagt: Auch wenn er ihn mit Quetschern oder mit einem Flugzeug abgenommen hat, haftet er.
Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
הקורח קרחה – because he is liable for each act of making a bald spot (Tractate Makkot 20a) and for each act of making an incision for a dead person and for every corner of his head that he mars, which is not the case when one eats forbidden fat repeatedly, and because of this, it is taught in our Mishnah, but the rest of the mere negative commandments which lack a novel [lesson], it did not teach.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
Introduction
Mishnah five discusses the various prohibitions of shaving one’s head either as a sign of mourning (Leviticus 21:5, Deuteronomy 14:1) or in general (Leviticus 19:26). These prohibitions are punishable by flogging.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
קרחה – of the dead, as it is written (Deuteronomy 14:1): “or shave the front of your heads because of the dead.” And even though that concerning the Kohanim, it is not written, “on the dead,” we have already learned through an analogy from [the repetition of the word]: "קרחה" "קרחה" (see Leviticus 21:5 –“They shall not shave smooth any part of their heads, or cut the side-growth of their beards, or make gashes in their flesh” together with Deuteronomy 14:1); just as Israelites are commanded because of the dead, so too are Kohanim, and the measure of the “shaving smooth” is the size of a bean.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man makes a baldness on his head, or rounds the corner of his head, or mars the corner of his beard, or makes one cutting [in his flesh] for the dead, he is liable [to a flogging]. If he makes one cutting for five dead, or five cuttings for one, he is liable for each one. On [rounding] the head [he is liable] for two corners, one for one side and one for the other; On [marring] the beard [he is liable] for two [corners] on one side, for two on the other side, and for one lower down. Rabbi Eliezer says: “If they were all taken off at the same time he is liable only on one count.” Making a baldness on one’s head as a sign of mourning is prohibited in Deuteronomy 14:1 and Leviticus 21:5. Rounding the corner of one’s head and marring the corner of one’s beard are prohibited in Leviticus 19:27. Cutting one’s flesh for the dead is prohibited in Leviticus 19:28. All of these transgressions are punishable by flogging. Our mishnah now proceeds to list how many violations are contained in each of these commandments.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
המקיף את ראשו – He who makes his temples as hairless as the spot back of his ears (Makkot 20b), and his forehead, and even on shaving with scissors where there is no destruction [of the head], he is liable regarding the corner of his head, and specifically on his beard (i.e., “or cut the side-growth of their beards” – Leviticus 21:5 and Leviticus 19:27: “You shall not round off the side-growth on your head”), it is written “destroy” only with a razor, but regarding the corner of the head, [the word] "הקפה"/”rounding” is written (Leviticus 21:5 – “they shall not shave smooth any part of their heads”), in every matter in which he “rounds” – he is liable.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man makes a baldness on his head, or rounds the corner of his head, or mars the corner of his beard, or makes one cutting [in his flesh] for the dead, he is liable [to a flogging]. If he makes one cutting for five dead, or five cuttings for one, he is liable for each one. On [rounding] the head [he is liable] for two corners, one for one side and one for the other; On [marring] the beard [he is liable] for two [corners] on one side, for two on the other side, and for one lower down. Rabbi Eliezer says: “If they were all taken off at the same time he is liable only on one count.” Section one, clause a: With regards to cutting one’s flesh, each cut for each dead counts as a violation. If he cuts once for five dead he receives five sets of lashes. Likewise, if he cuts five times for one dead he receives five sets of lashes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
שריטה אחת על חמשה מתים או חמש שריטות על מת אחד – as it is written (Leviticus 19:28): “You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead” to be liable for each and every gash and for each and every dead person, and even though there wasn’t anything other than one warning, all five gashes at one time, one is liable [for each and every one].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man makes a baldness on his head, or rounds the corner of his head, or mars the corner of his beard, or makes one cutting [in his flesh] for the dead, he is liable [to a flogging]. If he makes one cutting for five dead, or five cuttings for one, he is liable for each one. On [rounding] the head [he is liable] for two corners, one for one side and one for the other; On [marring] the beard [he is liable] for two [corners] on one side, for two on the other side, and for one lower down. Rabbi Eliezer says: “If they were all taken off at the same time he is liable only on one count.” Section one, clause b: Rounding one’s head is considered two violations, one for each side of the head. Therefore he will receive two sets of lashes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
על הראש שתים – one on the right and one on the left
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man makes a baldness on his head, or rounds the corner of his head, or mars the corner of his beard, or makes one cutting [in his flesh] for the dead, he is liable [to a flogging]. If he makes one cutting for five dead, or five cuttings for one, he is liable for each one. On [rounding] the head [he is liable] for two corners, one for one side and one for the other; On [marring] the beard [he is liable] for two [corners] on one side, for two on the other side, and for one lower down. Rabbi Eliezer says: “If they were all taken off at the same time he is liable only on one count.” Section one, clause c: Marring the corners of one’s beard is considered five violations, two for marring each side and one for marring the chin. Therefore he will receive five sets of lashes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
ועל הזקן שתים מכאן ושתים מכאן – the place of the attachment of the jaw to the bone, one on the right of the chin and the other on its left, and the pointed ends of the chin (i.e., the lower jawbones and the chin proper) in the middle, that makes “three.” And the attachment of the temples from one side and the other makes “five.” The upper cheekbone which is attached to the temples and the lower cheekbone on the right, and the upper cheekbone and the lower cheekbone on the left – these are two from here and two from there, and finally the beard and the hair coming out from it like a spike/ear of corn; therefore, it is called "שיבולת"/like an ear of corn/a spike, that makes “five.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
If a man makes a baldness on his head, or rounds the corner of his head, or mars the corner of his beard, or makes one cutting [in his flesh] for the dead, he is liable [to a flogging]. If he makes one cutting for five dead, or five cuttings for one, he is liable for each one. On [rounding] the head [he is liable] for two corners, one for one side and one for the other; On [marring] the beard [he is liable] for two [corners] on one side, for two on the other side, and for one lower down. Rabbi Eliezer says: “If they were all taken off at the same time he is liable only on one count.” Section one, clause d: Rabbi Eliezer disagrees with the previous opinion. In his opinion just because there are separate areas of the head to round or beard to mar does not mean that one is obligated lashes for each section. What causes a person to receive multiple sets of lashes is his having violated the prohibition on different occasions. If he mars one part of the beard today and another at a later time, for instance tomorrow, he will be obligated for two sets of lashes. However, if he violates the prohibition in one sitting he is only obligated for one set of lashes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
אינו חייב אלא אחת – for since it is one negative commandment, it is like someone who eats two olives of forbidden fat with [only] one warning.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
And he is only liable if he takes off with a razor; Rabbi Eliezer says: “Even if he picks off the hairs with tweezers, or with pincers, he is liable. According to the first opinion in the mishnah he is only liable for having marred his beard if he does so with a razor. Rabbi Eliezer holds that marring even with pincers or tweezers is a violation of the commandment.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
עד שיטלנו בתער – it refers to the corner of the beard, as it is written [in the Torah] concerning shaving and destroying (Leviticus 19:27 – “nor destroy the side-growth of your beard” and Leviticus 21:5 – “or cut the side-growths of their beards”).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Makkot
Questions for Further Thought: • Section two: What might be the basis of Rabbi Eliezer’s disagreement with the previous opinion?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
מלקט – an instrument that is made like tongs, to remove the hair.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Makkot
רהיטני – in the language of the Bible, it is an adze. It is an instrument that a carpenter uses to separate the face of the board.
