Свидетельство дается только на анфас с носом, хотя на его теле и на одежде есть (идентифицирующие) признаки. [Если человек не видел его анфас, или если его нос отсутствовал, он не может свидетельствовать (что он мертв), чтобы его жена могла повторно выйти замуж, возможно, что это не он.] Свидетельство не дается, пока его душа отходит, даже если они видели его meguyad ["резать" (то есть, с отрезанными артериями), как в (Даниил 4:11): "Godu ilana" ("рубить дерево")], и пронзили, и животное съедает его [(только в том месте, откуда душа не отходит; но в месте, откуда душа отходит, они могут свидетельствовать о том, что он умер.)] Свидетельство дается только до трех дней. [Если они не видели его в течение трех дней после его смерти, они не дают показаний, поскольку вполне возможно (после того времени), что его внешность изменилась и что он не тот, кем они его считают.] Р. Иегуда б. Бава говорит: не каждый человек и не каждое место, и не все времена одинаковы. [Некоторые мужчины (например, те, кто страдает ожирением) быстро набухают. И есть места (например, горячие места), где тело разлагается и меняется быстрее. И бывают времена, когда жарко, когда распад и изменения происходят быстрее—все в соответствии с человеком, местом и временем. (Галаха не соответствует Р. Иегуде.)]
Bartenura on Mishnah Yevamot
פרצוף פנים עם החוטם – if he did not see him with the appearance of his face or that his nose was taken , we don’t testify to permit [someone else] to marry his wife, for perhaps it is not him.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yevamot
Introduction
This mishnah provides rules of what a witness needs to see in order to testify that someone is dead.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yevamot
מגוייד – dissected like [Daniel 4:14]: “Hew down the tree, [lop off is branches].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yevamot
They are allowed to testify only about the face with the nose, even though there were also marks on the man’s body or clothing. A person is identifiable only through his face and his nose. Therefore, if someone sees other parts of his body or face, but not his face and nose, he cannot testify that the person is dead.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yevamot
או חיה אוכלת בו – specifically in he place where his soul does not depart from [his body], but if it in the place where the soul departs, he testifies about him that he has died.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yevamot
They are allowed to testify only when his soul has departed, even though they have seen him cut up or crucified or being devoured by a wild beast. The person must already be dead in order to establish testimony of his death. It is not sufficient to see him being cut up, crucified or devoured by a wild beast. Even though his imminent death in these situations is nearly certain, this is not sufficient.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yevamot
אין מעידין אלא עד ג' ימים – if they did not see him until after three days of his death, we don’t testify regarding him, for we suspect lest the appearance of his face has changed and this [individual] is not that whom they think [that it is].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yevamot
They are allowed to testify only [if they saw the body] within three days [of death]. The witness must testify within three days of the death. Otherwise the body may begin to decompose and identity cannot be provided with certainty.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yevamot
ר' יהודה בן בבא אומר לא כל אדם וכו' – there are people who speedily blows/swells up, such as a heavy persn, and there is a place where a person speedily decomposes and to change, such as in a hot place, and there is a time when the world is hot and a person speedily decomposes and changes, and everything is according to the individual, and the place and the time, whether for leniency or for stringency and the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yevamot
Rabbi Judah ben Baba says: not all men, all places, or all times are alike. According to Rabbi Judah ben Baba it is impossible to set uniform rules for identifying bodies. Some men’s faces will change quicker than others at death, in some places decomposition will take place quicker, and much depends on the time of year as well (rain or sun). Therefore each situation must be ruled upon based on the circumstances of that situation.
