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Комментарий к Шкали́м 6:5

שְׁלשָׁה עָשָׂר שׁוֹפָרוֹת הָיוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, וְכָתוּב עֲלֵיהֶם, תִּקְלִין חַדְתִין וְתִקְלִין עַתִּיקִין, קִנִּין וְגוֹזְלֵי עוֹלָה, עֵצִים, וּלְבוֹנָה, זָהָב לַכַּפֹּרֶת. שִׁשָּׁה, לִנְדָבָה. תִּקְלִין חַדְתִּין, שֶׁבְּכָל שָׁנָה וְשָׁנָה. עַתִּיקִין, מִי שֶׁלֹּא שָׁקַל אֶשְׁתָּקַד, שׁוֹקֵל לְשָׁנָה הַבָּאָה. קִנִּין, הֵם תּוֹרִים. וְגוֹזְלֵי עוֹלָה, הֵן בְּנֵי יוֹנָה. וְכֻלָּן עוֹלוֹת, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי יְהוּדָה. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, קִנִּין, אֶחָד חַטָאת וְאֶחָד עוֹלָה. וְגוֹזְלֵי עוֹלָה, כֻּלָּן עוֹלוֹת:

В храме было тринадцать шофрот (см. 6: 1). На них было написано (соответственно): «новый шекалим» [как объяснено в нашей Мишне, шекали текущего года, находящиеся там. Когда наступит время для Терумы, казначей уберет всех шекалимов в шофаре и поместит их в лишах, чтобы отобрать у них терумы.], «Старый шекалим» [Тот, кто не принес свой шекель в этом году приносит его в следующем году и кладет в этот шофар, а казначей берет его и кладет в него с остатками лишки.], «кинин» [большие горлицы], «всезнающие жертвы всесожжения» [маленькие голуби, все всесожжения. Но те, кто приносит обязательный кинин, отдают деньги или птиц в руки кохейнов и не вкладывают деньги в шофар. Йерушалми приводит причину как тааротов («примесь»), т. Е. Чтобы не умер один из дарителей кининов, так что было бы смешано с ними (другими деньгами) денежные средства греха. жертвоприношение, чей даритель умер, а которое само должно умереть (а не приноситься в жертву). Раввины, однако, этого не боятся и считают, что в шофар "кинин" помещены деньги обязательного кинина, и со всеми найденными там деньгами они приносятся в жертву за грех; другой, как всесожжение. И второй («всезнающие жертвы всесожжения») - все они дарственные, и все они предлагаются как всесожжения. Галаха соответствует мудрецам.], «Дерево» [где тот, кто жертвует на деревянную кучу, кладет свои деньги], «ладан» [где тот, кто жертвует ладан, кладет свои деньги. Казначеи берут деньги из шофара и покупают для них ладан, который сжигают на алтаре.], «Золото для кафората» [Тот, кто жертвует золото, кладет его или его соответствующие деньги туда, и он идет на кафарат, т.е. , обслуживающие суда. Ибо обсыпающие чаши называются «кефори (дворники) захав (из золота)» (Ездра 1:10), 1 Паралипоменон 28:17), когда Кохейн вытирает на них свой палец между дождеванием и (кровью) местами жертвы за грех , (то, что осталось на пальце непригодным)]; и шесть (шофрот) были для подарков. [На первом было написано «избыток жертвы за грех»; на втором - «избыток жертвы вины; на третьем - избыток киней завим, завот и йелдот»; на четвертой - «избыток нацитских подношений»; на пятой - «избыток предложения вины прокаженного»; на шестой, «дар», безоговорочный. Если кто-то отделил деньги для жертвы за грех и купил жертву за грех, и у него остались деньги, он бросает излишки в шофар с надписью «избыток жертвы за грех». Избыток жертвы вины брошен в шофар, вписанный так, и, таким образом, со всеми. И тот, кто жертвует что-либо алтарю, кладет свои деньги в подарок, отмеченный шофаром. "] (В надписи на шофаре)" новый шекалим "(там были помещены) шекалимы каждого (текущего) года. (В надписи на шофаре)" старый шекалим, «тот, кто не дал шекель предыдущий год, хранит его в следующем году.« Кинины »- это голуби-горлицы, а« всезнающие всесожжения »- молодые голуби. И все они - всесожжения. Это слова Р. Иегуда. Мудрецы говорят: "Кинин"—один жертва за грех; другой - всесожжение; "всезнающий жертву всесожжения"— все всесожжения.

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

תקלין תדתין – as it explains in on Mishnah, upon which they place the Shekaliim of this year. And when the time of Terumah offering arrives, the treasure takes out all the Shekalim that are in the horn-shaped [chest] and places them in the compartment/chamber in order that they may give Terumah from them. And the second [horn-shaped chest] has written on it “Old Shekel-dues” and whomever had not brought his Shekel in that year brings in the year after that and places it in the same horn-shaped chest, and the treasurer takes them and puts them in the remnants of the compartment/chamber. And on the third [chest] is written on it “Bird Offerings,” and they are large turtle doves. And on the fourth is written “Young Birds for Burnt Offerings,” which are small pigeons and all of them are for Burnt Offerings. But those who bring obligatory bird-offerings give the money or the birds into the hand of the Kohen, and they do not place the money in the horn-shaped chest. But the reason is explained in the Jerusalem Talmud – because of the mixing up of [the monies] lest one of the owners of the bird-offerings dies, for it is found that the waters of the sin-offering whose owners died that depart life are mixed up with them. But the Rabbis do not concern themselves with this, for they hold that in the horn-shaped [chest] for bird offerings, they place the monies of obligatory bird-offerings and with all of the monies found in it, they offer one bird sin-offering and another as a burnt offering, and the second, all of which are free-will donations and are sacrificed as burnt-offering, and the Halakha is according to the Sages.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

There were thirteen chests in the Temple and on them was inscribed [respectively]:
“new shekels”;
“New shekels” those for each year;
“old shekels”;
“Old shekels” whoever has not paid his shekel in the past year may pay it in the coming year;
“bird-offerings”;
“Bird-offerings” these are turtle-doves;
“young pigeons for burnt-offerings”;
“Young pigeons for burnt-offerings” these are young pigeons.
“wood”;
“frankincense”;
“gold for the kapporet”;
and on six, “freewill offerings”. Both [these two chests] are for burnt-offerings, the words of Rabbi Judah. But the sages say: “bird-offerings” one [half] is for sin-offerings and the other [half] for burnt-offerings, but “young pigeons for burnt-offerings” all goes to burnt-offerings.

This mishnah describes the thirteen chests that were in the Temple, as we learned above in mishnah one. We should note that the mishnah first lists all of the chests, and then below it explains more fully four of them. I shall explain them all in my explanation of the first section.
Section one: The “new shekels” chest was for shekels that were collected during each year. From this chest the shekels would later be brought into the chamber.
Section two: The “old shekels” chest was for people who failed to bring their shekels during the year.
Sections three and four: The “bird-offerings” are turtledoves (sorry, no partridge in a pear tree). The “young pigeons for burnt offerings” are, as might be obvious young pigeons. The sages dispute what these bird offerings are used for. According to Rabbi Judah both the bird-offerings and the young pigeons are used for burnt offerings. He holds that people who put money into both of these chests are bringing voluntary offerings, and voluntary bird offerings are only offered as burnt offerings. If someone needed to bring a mandated bird offering (such as a leper or a woman after childbirth) she didn’t put the money in the box but rather gave the offering directly to a priest.
The other sages agree that the box marked “young pigeons for burnt-offerings” goes exclusively for burnt offerings. This box, and only this box, was where people who wanted to make voluntary bird offerings put their money. The box marked “bird offerings” is intended for those who are obligated to bring a pair of birds, one for a sin offering and one for a burnt offering. There is actually an entire tractate (Tractate Kinim) about these bird offerings.
Section five: This was for people who wished to donate wood to fuel the altar.
Section six: For people who wished to donate the frankincense.
Section seven: One who said, “Behold I am donating gold” would bring golden dinarim (a type of coin) and put them in this box. The dinarim would then be used to buy gold to make various coverings for the Holy of Holies. The word “kapporet” in the Torah refers to the cover of the Ark, but here in this mishnah it refers to all golden coverings.
Section eight: There were six other chests upon which was inscribed “freewill offerings.” This was parallel to the six things listed above in 2:5 whose surplus goes to freewill offerings. See there for an explanation as to what these six things were.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

עצים – A person who donates wood for the pile of wood on the altar in the Temple puts their monetary value into it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

לבונה – A person who donates frankincense puts monies into it and the treasurers take the monies that are in the shofar-shaped chest and purchase from them frankincense and they offer the incense on the altar.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

זהב – The person who donates gold places it there, or its financial equivalent and this is for the innermost of the Temple (i.e., the Holy of Holies), that is to say, the service vessels, for the bowls out of which the sprinkling is done were called golden atonement in Ezra (1:10) and [First] Chronicles (28:17) since the Kohen would cleanse his finger with them between each sprinkling and between gifts of sin-offerings, and the left-overs that are on the finger are invalid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

ששה לנדבה – the remaining six shofar-shaped [chests] are for free-will offerings. On the first, it is written on it "מותר חטאת" – the surplus monies for sin-offerings; and the second is "מותר אשם" – the surplus money for guilt offerings. The third is מותר קיני זבים וזבות ויולדות" - the surplus money for bird-offerings of men and women who had suffered a discharge and of women after childbirth. And the fourth is "מותר קרבנות נזיר" – surplus money from the offerings of a Nazirite. The fifth is מותר אשם מצורע – surplus money from guilt offering of a leper. The sixth is "נדבה סתם" – freewill offering – voluntary contributions for offerings on the Altar. But the person who separated monies for a sin offering and purchased his sin-offering and there was surplus from the monies, he casts the surplus into the shofar-shaped [chest] that the words: “surplus monies for sin-offerings” are written upon it and similarly, surplus monies from guilt-offerings he throws into the shofar-shaped [chest] on which it is written “surplus monies for guilt-offerings,” and similarly for all of them. But the shofar-shaped chest that has “freewill offerings” written up on it, anyone who wants to donate something to the altar plces it into that one.
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