Комментарий к Орла́ 2:1
הַתְּרוּמָה, וּתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר שֶׁל דְּמַאי, הַחַלָּה וְהַבִּכּוּרִים, עוֹלִים בְּאֶחָד וּמֵאָה, וּמִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה, וְצָרִיךְ לְהָרִים. הָעָרְלָה וְכִלְאֵי הַכֶּרֶם, עוֹלִים בְּאֶחָד וּמָאתַיִם, וּמִצְטָרְפִין זֶה עִם זֶה, וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לְהָרִים. רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמֵר, אֵינָן מִצְטָרְפִין. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מִצְטָרְפִין בְּנוֹתֵן טַעַם, אֲבָל לֹא לֶאֱסֹר:
Terumah [часть урожая, переданного коэну , священник, пл. Коханим , который становится святым после отделения и может потребляться только Коханим или их домочадцами] и Терумат Маасер [десятая часть десятины, данной Леви , Левиту, который, в свою очередь, должен быть отдан Коэну и который становится святым при разлуке и может потребляться только коанимами или их домохозяйством] Демай [ плоды, из которых неясно, были ли уже взяты десятины], Хала [часть теста для хлеба, переданного коэну, который становится святым после разделение, и может потребляться только коэнами или их домохозяйством] и биккурим [первые плоды, которые должны быть принесены в храм в Иерусалиме и переданы коэну ], сводятся на нет в одной сто одной части, и они смешиваются вместе и требуют высота. Орла [плод дерева в течение первых трех лет после его посадки, потребление или использование которого запрещено] и Килаим [продукт запрещенного скрещивания] виноградника аннулируются в двухстах одной части, и они смешаны вместе, и они не требуют возвышения. Раввин Шимон говорит, что они не смешаны вместе. Раввин Элиэзер говорит, что они смешаны с дарителем вкуса, но не запрещают.
Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
התרומה. עולין באחד ומאה – if a Seah of one of these fell in one-hundred Seah of non-consecrated produce, it is nullified, and it is permitted to foreigners (i.e., non-Kohanim); less than one-hundred, everything is prohibited to foreigners, and we derive it from what is written regarding the tithe of the tithe which the Levite owes to the Kohen (Numbers 18:29): “[You shall set aside all gifts due to the LORD from everything that is donated to you, from each thing its best portion,] the part thereof that is to be consecrated.” What was separated as the priest’s share from it, if it returned into it from his sanctified thing, that is ninety-nine [parts]. For from the one hundred that he separated out ten for a tithe, and from ten, one for the tithe from the tithe that the Levite owes to the Kohen.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
Introduction
The second chapter of orlah deals with mixtures consisting of permitted and forbidden produce. Specifically the issue is, when does the prohibited part of the mixture become nullified by the permitted part of the mixture?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
ומצטרפין זה עם זה – if one Seah fell from all of them to less than one-hundred parts of non-consecrated produce, It sanctifies them, and in this everyone admits that they combine, for they are one denomination and they are all called Terumah/heave offering. For regarding Hallah, It is written (Numbers 15:20): “you shall set aside a loaf as a gift,” and the First Fruits/Bikkurim are also called Terumah, as the Master stated (Deuteronomy 12:17): “or your contributions/ותרומת ידך – these are First Fruits/Bikkurim, as it is written regarding them (Deuteronomy 26:4): “The priest shall take the basket from you hand [and set it in front of the altar of the LORD your God].”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
Terumah, terumat maaser of demai, hallah and bikkurim, are neutralized in a hundred-and-one mixture. If terumah, or terumat maaser of demai (demai is produce acquired from an am haaretz, concerning whom we have doubt whether he tithed; terumat maaser is the terumah taken from the tithe), hallah or bikkurim (first fruits) become mixed up with hullin produce, meaning produce that has no status of holiness, then there needs to be 100 parts hullin for every part of holy stuff, in order for the holy stuff to be neutralized. If there is not 100 parts hullin, then we must treat the entire mixture as if it were holy. This will almost always cause a financial loss to the owner.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
וצריך להרים – [one must raise] the Seah that fell and to give it to the Kohen and the remainder is permitted to foreigners (i.e., non-Kohanim), and even though Orlah and mixed seeds in the vineyard are more stringent, there is no need to raise them, and the prohibition itself is nullified. The heave-offering/Terumah is different because it has owners (i.e., the Kohanim) and one must raise them up/separate them as an offering because of the injustice to the tribe of Levi, but in all other prohibitions where there is an injustice to the tribe of Levi does not belong for when they are abolished, there is no need to raise them/separate them as an offering.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
And they are reckoned together [to form the statutory minimum]. If some of these things are mixed in together, for instance terumah is mixed in with bikkurim, then they are counted together to prohibit a larger mixture. Thus if ½ part terumah is mixed in with another ½ part bikkurim, there will need to be 100 parts hullin for the holy stuff to be neutralized.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
עולין באחד ומאתי' – regarding the heave offering, it is written "מלאה" (Exodus 22:28) “You shall not put off the skimming of the first yield of your vats. [You shall give Me the first-born of your sons],” and in the mixed seeds of the fields/כלאי הכרם, it is written "מלאה" (Deuteronomy 22:9): “[You shall not sow your vineyard with a second kind of seed,] else the crop – from the seed that you have sown [and the yield of the vineyard may not be used].” Just as [the word] "מלאה" that is stated further on (Deuteronomy 22:9) is offered up as we derive (Numbers 18:29): “the part thereof that is to be consecrated,” also here it is offered up, and because its prohibition is doubled for it is forbidden to derive benefit from it, they doubled its offering up, and it requires two-hundred [parts]. But Orlah we derive from Kilayim/the forbidden junction of heterogeneous animals by hybridization or by harnessing together, because it is prohibited to derive benefit like them.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
And it is necessary to remove [from the mixture an amount equal to that of the consecrated produce contained in it]. Once the mixture is neutralized, one would need to take out the amount of holy stuff that is in the mixture and treat it as whatever holy stuff it might be. Thus if 100 parts hullin are mixed in with one part terumah, he can take out one part, give it to a kohen, and treat the rest like hullin. The reason that he has to take the equivalent part out is that someone was supposed to receive these things, in the case of terumah, the priest.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
ומצטרפין זה עם זה – Orlah/Uncircumcised fruit of the first three years and mixed seeds of the field are combined together that fell into something permitted, they combine to prohibit something dry until two hundred, and in something moist in a pot which imparts flavor.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
Orlah and kilayim of the vineyard are neutralized in a two-hundred-and-one mixture. The necessary ratio to neutralize orlah and kilayim in a vineyard (seeds that were planted in a vineyard) is 200 to 1. The laws are simply stricter with these two types of produce because not only can they not be eaten, one can not even derive benefit from them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
אינן מצטרפין – even to prohibit the pot through the imparting of a flavor, since they are two entities, but if there in the pot [enough] to annul the flavor of the Orlah/uncircumcised fruit of the first three years on their own, and the flavor mixed seeds of the field on their own, everything is permitted.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
And they are reckoned together [to form the statutory minimum]. The same rule as in section two.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
מצטרפין בנותן טעם – that requires a moist pot in order to the annul the flavor of both of them together.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
But it is not necessary to remove [from the mixture an amount equal to that of the consecrated produce contained in it]. Unlike terumah and the other types of produce in section one, orlah and kilayim don’t go to anyone. Since they don’t go to anyone, he need not take a portion out.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Orlah
אבל לא לאסור – with something dry, for there is no need that there would be a permitted object of two hundred corresponding to both of them, but the Halakha is according to the first Tanna/teacher.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
Rabbi Shimon says: they are not reckoned together. According to Rabbi Shimon, if orlah and kilayim are mixed together, they are not reckoned together (he disagrees with section five). The reason is that these are completely different prohibitions, unlike terumah, terumat maaser etc. which are all in the same family of halakhot.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Orlah
Rabbi Eliezer says: they are reckoned together when they impart flavor, but not to prohibit. Rabbi Eliezer says that if the two combined prohibited substances, orlah and kilayim, jointly impart their taste to the entire mixture, then they are reckoned together. But if they don’t, then they don’t join together and each will be considered separately. Rabbi Eliezer seems to be a compromise between the two opposite positions found in sections five and seven.
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