И они выходят без кетуба: тот, кто нарушает закон Моисея и (закон) еврейской женщины. Что является (нарушением) закона Моисея? Если она накормила его безымянной продукцией [и она не стала ему известна, пока не съела его. Как, когда она сказала ему: этот человек, кохейн, наколол мне кучу, и он (муж) впоследствии пошел и спросил, и нашел, что она солгала.], И если она сожительствует с ним в своем состоянии нидды [ как, когда ее соседи знали, что она нидда, которая видела ее в своей одежде для нидды и которая говорила мужу, что она чиста], и если она не принимала халу [как, когда она сказала ему: этот человек взял халу из теста для меня, и он впоследствии пошел и спросил, и нашел, что она солгала.], и если она поклялась и не сдержала свои клятвы. И что является (нарушением) закона еврейской женщины? Если она вышла с непокрытыми волосами и плела на рынке [выставляя свои руки мужчинам], и говорила со всеми мужчинами [то есть с молодыми мужчинами]. Авба Шауль говорит: Кроме того, если она проклинает его прародителей перед ним [то есть, если она проклинает и хулит отца своего мужа в присутствии своего мужа.] Р. Тарфон говорит: Кроме того, «вокальная» женщина. Какая вокальная «женщина»? Тот, кто, когда она говорит в своем доме, подслушивается ее соседями. [Она так громко просит сношения, что ее слышат ее соседи. Все вышеперечисленное требует свидетелей и предварительного предупреждения, чтобы вызвать их потерять своего кетуба. Они не получают ни кетуба, ни дополнения, а берут только свои неповрежденные изношенные вещи.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
מאכילתו שאינו מעושר – and it was not known to him until after she fed him, such as for example, tat she said to him: So-and-so, a Kohen prepared for me the heap [of grain] and left; he asked him and it was found to be a lie.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Introduction
The first five mishnayoth of this chapter referred to situations in which a husband must divorce his wife and pay her the ketubah. In this mishnah we learn situations in which a husband has grounds for divorcing his wife and not paying her ketubah. These situations refer to cases in which the woman has not behaved in a proper manner, either directly with her husband or with outside society.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ומשמשתו נדה – as for example, when she was presumed to be a menstruant woman/Niddah in his neighborhood when they saw her dress in the clothing of menstruant woman and to her husband she said, “I am ritually pure.”
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
These leave [their marriage] without their ketubah: A wife who transgresses the law of Moses or Jewish law. The mishnah describes two categories of women whose husbands may divorce them without paying their ketubah: the one who transgresses the Law of Moses, which is interpreted to mean she causes her husband to transgress the Law of Moses, and the second is the one who transgresses Jewish law, which means she engages in immodest behavior.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ולא קוצה לה חלה – that she said to him: So-and-so prepared for me the dough and they asked him and it was found that to be a lie.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
And what is the law of Moses? Feeding her husband with untithed food, having intercourse with him while in the period of her menstruation, not separating dough offering, or making vows and not fulfilling them. The mishnah now lists four ways in which a wife might cause her husband to transgress. If she does not separate the tithes or the dough-offering (hallah) her husband will eat forbidden food. She has a responsibility to tell her husband when she is in her period of menstruation and if she does not and he has relations with her, he too is a transgressor. The fourth category is somewhat less clear, for we would not imagine that the husband transgresses if his wife does not keep her vows. The Talmud explains that children die as a result of broken vows and therefore she is injuring him as well. A simpler explanation may be that since the husband has the right to annul his wife’s vows, he too is held responsible if she doesn’t keep them.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
וטווה בשור – and she shows her arms to people.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
And what is Jewish practice? Going out with her head uncovered, spinning wool in the marketplace or conversing with every man. This section lists certain immodest actions that are grounds for divorce. In Talmudic times women did not go out without their heads covered (for that matter, men also usually covered their heads). Spinning in public was also considered unbecoming, perhaps because the woman would uncover her arms while spinning. Talking with many strange men was also considered improper behavior for a married woman. Since the woman engaged in one of these behaviors, her husband may divorce and not pay her ketubah. I might add my personal opinion that what was improper behavior must have been determined by norms in the larger society, at least to a large degree. Since it was normal for women to cover their heads, Jewish women who did not were immodest. I do not think that this implies that not covering one’s head is inherently immodest. However, other Jews might disagree with me.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ומדברת עם בני אדם – playing with the boys.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Abba Shaul says: also one who curses her husband’s parents in his presence. Abba Shaul adds that a woman’s cursing her husband’s parents in front of him is also grounds for divorce.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ומקללת יולדיו בפניו – she curses and blasphemes the father of her husband in the presence of her husband.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Rabbi Tarfon says: also one who has a loud voice. And who is regarded as one who has a loud voice? A woman whose voice can be heard by her neighbors when she speaks inside her house. Rabbi Tarfon adds that a woman whose voice is too loud, that is she can be heard by her neighbors from inside her home, may also be divorced without a ketubah. The Talmud teaches that this refers to a woman who talks about sex too loudly.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
הקולנית – she claims sexual intercourse in a loud voice until her neighbors hear her, and all of these require witnesses and warning to cause them to lose their Ketubah settlements, and they don’t have neither the Ketubah nor the supplement and they don’t take anything other than their outworn garments that exist alone.
