Если свидетели сказали: это наша подпись, но мы были вынуждены (подписать) [их жизни угрожали (но если это было «принуждение к деньгам», их деньги «угрожали») и, само собой разумеется, если они сказали: ( Мы подписали) из-за предоставленной нам большой суммы денег, что им не верят, потому что «человек не делает себя злодеем», «потому что человек сам по себе родственник» и, как полагают, не свидетельствует о не считая себя ни за, ни против)], или (если они сказали) мы были несовершеннолетними, или мы были неспособны давать показания, им верят. [Здесь также (они верят, только если они утверждают, что они были) неспособны давать показания из-за родства; но если из-за нарушения, им не верят.] И если есть свидетели, что это их подпись или если их подпись была подтверждена из другого источника, им не верят. [Если их подпись появилась на другом акте, который был заверен в beth-din, и этот акт был до нас вместе с этим, и подписи были одинаковыми (им не верят)].
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
אנוסים היינו – compulsion at the pain of death lest he kill him, but compulsion of money, lest he take his money [from him] and all the more so, if he said to him: “for most of the money that he gave us,” they are not believed, for no one incriminates himself (i.e., his testimony against himself has no legal effect), for a person is close to himself, and is not believed about himself, neither for acquittal nor for conviction. And similarly, those who are ineligible for testimony, which is on account of nearness but on account of transgression, they are not believed.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Introduction
This mishnah contains another case illustrating the principle of “the mouth that forbade is the mouth that permits”.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
יוצא ממקום אחר – inscribed in another document that is in the possession of the Jewish court , and this same document came before us with this one and the writing of the signatories are similar one to the other.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
If witnesses said, “This is our handwriting, but we were forced, [or] we were minors, [or] we were disqualified witnesses” they are believed. In this scenario, a person comes to court with a document signed by witnesses. When his opponent claims that the document is a forgery, the witnesses are summoned to the court to testify to their signatures. The witnesses state that the signatures are indeed their signatures, but that nevertheless the document should not be upheld. This is for one of three reasons: they were forced to sign, they were minors when they signed, or they were disqualified witnesses (see Sanhedrin 3:4). In this case they are believed, and the document is invalid. This is because of the principle of “the mouth that forbade is the mouth that permits”. Without the witnesses admission that they signed the document, the document would have been invalid. When they admit that they signed, they are in fact “the mouth that forbade”. When they say they were forced, or that they were minors or otherwise disqualified, they are the mouth that permits, and they are believed. To state this another way, if they had wanted to lie they could have said that this was not their handwriting.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
But if there are witnesses that it is their handwriting, or their handwriting comes out from another place, they are not believed. If their signature can be validated in another way, for instance by other witnesses testifying that they recognize the signatures, or by another document that contains their signatures, then the witnesses are not believed when they say that they were forced, or they were minors or otherwise disqualified. This is not a situation where “the mouth that forbade is the mouth that permitted”. Since they are not believed to say that they were invalid, their signatures are validated and the document is upheld.
