Комментарий к Келим 5:1
תַּנּוּר, תְּחִלָּתוֹ אַרְבָּעָה, וּשְׁיָרָיו אַרְבָּעָה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי מֵאִיר. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, בַּמֶּה דְבָרִים אֲמוּרִים, בְּגָדוֹל. אֲבָל בְּקָטָן, תְּחִלָּתוֹ כָּל שֶׁהוּא, וּשְׁיָרָיו רֻבּוֹ, מִשֶּׁתִּגָּמֵר מְלַאכְתּוֹ. אֵיזֶהוּ גְמַר מְלַאכְתּוֹ, מִשֶּׁיַּסִּיקֶנּוּ כְּדֵי לֶאֱפוֹת בּוֹ סֻפְגָּנִין. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, מִשֶּׁיַּסִּיק אֶת הֶחָדָשׁ, כְּדֵי לֶאֱפוֹת בַּיָּשָׁן סֻפְגָּנִין:
Минимальный размер духового шкафа [чтобы стать ритуально нечистым] составляет четыре тефахима [ширины ладоней по высоте], а остаток [который остается нечистым, когда он сломан] составляет четыре тефахима ; слова рабби Меира. Мудрецы говорят, что это верно только в отношении большой духовки; Что касается маленькой печи, тем не менее, ее начало [точка] - это любой [размер], а ее остаток составляет большинство [ее размера] после того, как ее изготовление было завершено. Каково завершение его изготовления? Как только это зажгется достаточно, чтобы испечь бисквит в нем. Раввин Иегуда говорит, как только он зажжен достаточно, чтобы испечь бисквит [как] в старой духовке.
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
תנור תחלתו ארבע – an undefined oven is made like a larger pot which lacks a rim at the bottom of the vessel, and they fasten it with plaster on the ground, and the floor of the ground is the bottom of the oven. But even though that of itself it lacks a receptacle, it is nevertheless impure, for the All-Merciful assigned it by its insides, and behold it has an inside.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
Introduction
The next five chapters of Mishnah Kelim will do with the purity of oven and stoves. The oven referred to in the mishnah was like an inverted pot, with a narrow top to let a little air escape and enter. It had no floor, but rather the earth served as the floor. It was used primarily for the cooking of flat bread, which would be stuck to its sides.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
תחלתו ארבעה – the height of the oven is not less than four handbreadths.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
A baking oven originally must be no less than four handbreadths [high] and what is left of it four handbreadths, the words of Rabbi Meir. But the sages say: this applies only to a large oven but in the case of a small one it originally can be [any height] and what is left is the greater part of it. According to Rabbi Meir for an oven to be susceptible to impurity, its original size must be at least four handbreadths. If it was originally higher than four handbreadths, and then it broke and not all of it remains, the minimum height for it to be susceptible to impurity is still four handbreadths. The sages make a distinction between ovens that were intended to be large from the outset and ovens that were originally intended to be small. When it comes to the large oven they agree with Rabbi Meir. However, they hold that some ovens were intended to be small from the outset. Such an oven can originally be of any height for it to be susceptible to impurity and if it breaks as long as a majority of it remains it is still susceptible to impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ושייריו – if it was large and it became defiled and afterwards was broken, it would not be purified until there would not be in its remnants four [handbreadths].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
[Its susceptibility to impurity begins] as soon as its manufacture is completed. What is regarded as the completion of its manufacture? When it is heated to a degree that suffices for the baking of spongy cakes. Rabbi Judah says: when a new oven has been heated to a degree that sufficed for the baking of spongy cakes in an old one. The oven is susceptible to impurity once its manufacture is complete. The rabbis debate what is considered the completion of its manufacturing. According to the first opinion, the oven is susceptible once it has been forged sufficiently for it to be used to cook spongy cakes, which can be cooked at a relatively low temperature. Rabbi Judah slightly modifies this. Sponge-cakes would require more heat in a new oven than in an old one. If the new oven had been heated up enough for an old oven to cook sponge-cakes, then it is already susceptible.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
במה דברים אמורים – that its beginning and its remnants would be four [handbreadths].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
בגדול – that is made to bake and to roast with it in the manner of overs.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
אבל בקטן – that is made for young children to play in.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
תחלתו כל שהוא – but not exactly any small amount, for less than a handbreadth is not anything (see Talmud Hullin 124a).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
ושייריו ברובו – In the Gemara in the chapter: “The Hide and the Grease”/העור והרוטב [Chapter 9 of Tractate Hullin 124a] it raises a question on our Mishnah that is here, that less than a handbreadth, of what is it worth? And it (i.e., the Gemara) answers, that the “remnant” that is referred to is the majority of the large [oven], and it is not about the small over. And We raise the objection, that with a large [oven]. And we raise the objection, regarding a large [oven], surely it states “and its remnants” are four [handbreadths], for it surely teaches: “Under what circumstances?” with a large [oven], implying that the Sages did not dispute with the first Tanna/teacher (i.e., Rabbi Meir) regarding a large [oven] at all. And it answers: This one is speaking about an oven of seven [handbreadths] and that one is [speaking of] an oven of nine [handbreadths], that is to say, something of seven [handbreadths] whose remnants are the majority/larger part, and even though there aren’t four [handbreadths] and there is no oven with less than four [handbreadths], for since, from its outset, it was an important vessel which used its remnants, even though they were not so worthy, and with an oven of nine [handbreadths] where its majority/larger part is a large measure, it defiles with its remnants with four [handbreadths] at its outset.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
משתגמר מלאכתו – it refers to the beginning of the oven. From when does the oven become defiled? From when its manufacture is complete.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
משיסיקנו (from when he will heat it – sufficiently] – even though that with the rest of earthenware vessels, it is sufficient for them with the smelting of the kiln (as seen at the conclusion of Chapter 4, Mishnah 4 of Tractate Kelim) an oven that requires to attach/glue it with plaster to be interwoven in order to contain its heat, its manufacture is not complete until it can heat sufficiently. But however, it doesn’t require large heating in order to bake bread in it, but rather in order to bake cakes made of spongy dough, dough that its mixture is soft that is made like a sponge and only a small amount of heating is sufficient for it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
משיסיק את החדש כדי לאפות בישן – that the new [oven] in order to bae in it cakes made of spongy dough requires greater heating from the old [oven]. But if the new [oven] was heated with a lesser/smaller heating, that with a heating like this, the old [oven] would be appropriate to bake in it the cakes made of spongy dough, that is when its manufacture is complete. But the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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