В Иудее не было сикрикона [языческого убийцы] [то есть они не выносили решения по закону сикрикона о том, что тот, кто купил землю еврея у языческого убийцы, должен был судиться с владельцем.] (время) убитых в войне [то есть, когда в Израиле было очень больно убивать в войне. Если кто-то купил поле у сикрикона в то время, его покупка действовала, и ему не нужно было судить (бывшего) израильтянина, владеющего землей; поскольку израильтянин, вынужденный (продать свою землю под страхом смерти), полностью посвятил себя продаже земли сикрикону. И это управляется (Бава Камма 47b): «Если кто-то был отстранен (не должен быть снят, пока он не продан), и он продал, его продажа - продажа».] Но от тех, кто был убит во время войны, [там, где не было указа (об Израиле) быть убитым, есть сикрикон. [Закон сикрикона осуждается, чтобы сказать, что тот, кто купил (землю израильтянина) у сикрикона, должен судиться с (бывшим) владельцем, как объясняется в Мишне.] Как это так? Если он купил (поле) у сикрикона, а затем купил его у владельца, покупка является недействительной, [поскольку мы говорим, что он (бывший владелец) действовал из страха (сикрикона)]. (Если он купил его) у владельца, а затем купил его у сикрикона, покупка стоит. Если он купил ее [землю, отведенную для кетубы своей жены] у мужчины, а затем купил ее у женщины, покупка является недействительной, [поскольку она может сказать: «Я просто пыталась угодить моему мужу»]. (Если он купил его) у женщины, а затем купил его у мужчины, покупка стоит. Это (то, что мы узнали выше) является более ранней Мишной. Бет-дин после них сказал: «Если кто-то покупает у сикрикона, он отдает четверть (стоимости поля) владельцу, [поскольку они подсчитали, что сикрикон, получив поле даром, снизил цену на четверть]. Когда это так? Когда им (бывшим владельцам) не хватает денег, чтобы выкупить их обратно; но если у них достаточно денег, чтобы выкупить их, они имеют преимущество перед всеми людьми. Ребби созвал Бет-Дин, который постановил, что, если он будет владеть сикриконом в течение двенадцати месяцев, тот, кто придет первым (чтобы купить его), приобретет его; но он должен был отдать четверть (бывшему) владельцу.
Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
לא היה סקריקון – a murdering heathen, that is do say, that they did not adjudicate the law concerning the purchase of confiscated property (see Talmud Gittin 55b) to say that whomever purchases Jewish land from a murdering heathen, will be liable to adjudicate with the owners.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
Introduction
This mishnah deals with “sicaricon”, which refers to the illegal, governmental expropriation of land from its rightful owners. Specifically we are talking about land taken from Jews by Romans during the Second Temple and mishnaic periods. The word “sicaricon” can refer to either the Roman who expropriated the property (in this case I shall capitalize the word); the rule governing land taken in such a faction; a person who came into land by buying it from a sicaricon.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
משעת הרוגי מלחמה – At the time when the decree was difficult for the Jews [that they would be] killed during warfare, for a person who buys from him at that time, his purchase is valid, and there was no need to adjudicate with an Israelite who owns the land, since as a result of unavoidable compulsion where an Israelite would complete a sale to the heathen murderers, and we hold (Talmud Bava Batra 47b): “If a person consents to sell something through fear of physical violence (literally, “if they hang him and he sells”), the sale is valid.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
There was no sicaricon in Judea for those killed in war. During the Great Revolt from 67-70 C.E. which culminated in the destruction of the Temple, the rule of sicaricon was not applied. Practically what this meant was that land expropriated by the Romans was considered to legally belong to the Romans. Therefore, a Jew who subsequently bought the land did not need to return anything to the original owner. This was to encourage people to buy back the land in order that it should not remain Roman in perpetuity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
אבל מהרוגי המלחמה ואילך – when there was no decree to be killed, they adjudicated the law concerning the purchase of confiscated propery, to say that when he purchases it from him, they should do a judgment with the owners as it is explained in the Mishnah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
After the war’s slaughter ended there is sicaricon there. How so? If a man buys a field from the Sicaricon and then buys it again from the original owner, his purchase is void, but if he buys it first from the original owner and then from the sicaricon it is valid. After the war the rule of sicaricon was enforced. What this meant was that a Jew who bought the land from the Roman and then went and asked to buy the land from the Sicaricon had not legally acquired the land. This is because we can assume that the original owner only agreed to sell the land out of fear were he not to sell the land the Romans who had already sold it might lose their sale. However, if the purchaser acquired it first from the original owner and then from the Sicaricon the sale is valid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
מקחו בטל – for as we say that he did it out of fear.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
If a man buys [a piece of a married woman’s property] from the husband and then buys it from the wife, the purchase is void, but if he buys it first from the wife and then from the husband it is valid. This section does not have to do with the rules of sicaricon and is brought here because of its similarity to the previous section. When a man marries a woman the woman retains ownership over her property but her husband has the right to use the property. Neither of them may sell the property without the other’s permission. If someone buys the property first from the husband and then from the woman (who agrees), the sale is not valid. The problem is that the woman may have sold under duress, being pressured by her husband. However, if he buys from the woman first, we can assume that the woman sold of her own free will. If the husband also agrees to the sale, the sale is valid.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
לקח מן האיש – land that is designated for his wife’s Ketubah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
This was [the ruling] of the first mishnah. The court that came after them said if a man buys property from the Sicaricon he had to give the original owner a quarter [of the value]. When is this so? When the original owners cannot buy it themselves, but if they can they have preemption over everyone else. The problem with this system may have been that people would have been afraid to buy land from the Sicaricon. This might have left large pieces of Jewish land in Roman control. Therefore, a later court made a new rule. If a person buys from a Sicaricon, he must give one quarter of the sale price to the original owners. This way people would buy the land and the original owners would get at least some of their money back. However, if the original owners have the money to buy back their land, they still have the first shot at doing so.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
מקחו בטל – for she said that I did it only to gratify my husband (but did not mean to sell – see Talmud Ketubot 95a).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Gittin
Rabbi assembled a court and they decided by vote that if the property had been in the hands of the Sicaricon twelve months, whoever purchased it first acquired the title, but he had to give a quarter [of the price] to the original owner. Rabbi Judah Hanasi and his court enacted a further change in this law. If the land remained with the Sicaricon 12 months, and it didn’t look like anyone was going to buy it, the first person to purchase it has legally acquired it. In other words, a purchaser need not worry that the original owners would preempt him. However, the purchaser must still pay compensation to the original owners.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Gittin
נותן לבעלים רביע – that they estimated, for the heathen murderers which it had come into his hand without paying for it, he bought [the confiscated field] for one-fourth less than its real value.
