Комментарий к Хулин 3:3
וְאֵלּוּ טְרֵפוֹת בָּעוֹף. נְקוּבַת הַוֶּשֶׁט, פְּסוּקַת הַגַּרְגֶּרֶת, הִכַּתָּהּ חֻלְדָּה עַל רֹאשָׁהּ, מְקוֹם שֶׁעוֹשֶׂה אוֹתָהּ טְרֵפָה, נִקַּב הַקֻּרְקְבָן, נִקְּבוּ הַדַּקִּין, נָפְלָה לָאוּר וְנֶחְמְרוּ בְנֵי מֵעֶיהָ, אִם יְרֻקִּים, פְּסוּלִין. אִם אֲדֻמִּים, כְּשֵׁרִים. דְּרָסָהּ, וּטְרָפָהּ בַּכֹּתֶל, אוֹ שֶׁרִצְּצַתָּהּ בְּהֵמָה וּמְפַרְכֶּסֶת, וְשָׁהֲתָה מֵעֵת לְעֵת וּשְׁחָטָהּ, כְּשֵׁרָה:
Следующие дефекты делают птицу Terefá: когда пищевод перфорирован; когда трахея оторвана; когда ласка укусила его в голову, в месте, где это может сделать это Terefá [viz. возле мозга]; когда желудок или тонкий кишечник перфорированы; когда он упал в огонь; когда его внутренности обгорели, если они пожелтели, то это Терефа, а когда они остались красными, это Кашер; когда человек наступил на него, или ударил его о стену, или что он был избит скотом, и он борется и живет через двадцать четыре часа после аварии [и затем был убит], это Кассер.
Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
חכתה חולדה על ראשה – that it (i.e., the weasel) bit it (i.e., the chicken) with its teeth. For had it been by hand (i.e., paw), there is an animal – a bird having been attacked by a beast (which are suspected of leaving a poisonous substance in the body) by a weasel- all corresponding to the cavity that it tears.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Chullin
The following [defects] render birds terefah:
If the esophagus was pierced,
If the windpipe was severed;
If a weasel struck [the bird] on the head in such a place as would render it terefah.
If the gizzard was pierced
If the intestines were pierced.
If it fell into the fire and its innards were scorched: If they turned green, it is invalid, But if they remained red it is valid.
If one trod upon it or knocked it against a wall or if an animal trampled upon it, and it still jerks its limbs, and it remained alive after this for twenty-four hours, and it was thereafter slaughtered, it is valid.
Today’s mishnah lists what defects render a bird a terefah.
Sections 1-2: These are the same signs that render cattle terefot.
Section three: If a weasel (or any other animal) strikes the bird on a spot on its head in such a manner that we would need be concerned that the brain membrane was pierced, then it is a terefah.
Section six: If the innards turn green (gangrene?), that is a sign that the bird is going to die. If they remain red, the color that they were before the bird was burned, then the bird is not a terefah.
Section seven: If after having been struck in some manner the bird begins to jerk its limbs, it must live for another twenty-four hours before we can be sure that it would not have died from the blow. If it is slaughtered before 24 hours are up, then the bird is a terefah.
If the esophagus was pierced,
If the windpipe was severed;
If a weasel struck [the bird] on the head in such a place as would render it terefah.
If the gizzard was pierced
If the intestines were pierced.
If it fell into the fire and its innards were scorched: If they turned green, it is invalid, But if they remained red it is valid.
If one trod upon it or knocked it against a wall or if an animal trampled upon it, and it still jerks its limbs, and it remained alive after this for twenty-four hours, and it was thereafter slaughtered, it is valid.
Today’s mishnah lists what defects render a bird a terefah.
Sections 1-2: These are the same signs that render cattle terefot.
Section three: If a weasel (or any other animal) strikes the bird on a spot on its head in such a manner that we would need be concerned that the brain membrane was pierced, then it is a terefah.
Section six: If the innards turn green (gangrene?), that is a sign that the bird is going to die. If they remain red, the color that they were before the bird was burned, then the bird is not a terefah.
Section seven: If after having been struck in some manner the bird begins to jerk its limbs, it must live for another twenty-four hours before we can be sure that it would not have died from the blow. If it is slaughtered before 24 hours are up, then the bird is a terefah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
מקום שעושה אותה טרפה = for one suspects lest it punctured the membrane of the brain. How does it (i.e., the weasel) do this? It brings In its hand–paw into the mouth of the chicken and presses its finger upwards, if the brain breaks through and goes out, it is clearly known that the membrane was pierced and it is “torn.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
ניקב הקורקבן – (if the thick muscular stomach–craw–gizzard of fowl was pierced) – that the perforation in the skin of the thick muscular stomach–gizzard of the bird and in the pocket that is within where the food passes through, meaning, that the pocket and the skin are perforated one corresponding to the other. But if the thick stomach that was pierced and it pocket endures, or even if both of them were pierced, but not corresponding one to the other, it is Kosher.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
ונחמרו בני מעיה (its bowels were affected by inhaling heat–parched) – they shrunk as a result of the heat and their appearance changed–was destroyed. The language of (Lamentations 1:20): “[See, O LORD, the distress I am in!] My heart (literally, ‘my intestines’) is (literally, ‘are’) in anguish.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
ירוקים פסולים – this is what he said: limbs whose custom is to be red, as, for example, the heart and the liver and the thick muscular stomach which customarily are red, in geese, and in chickens and turtle doves and pigeons and things similar to this, if they changed and became green on account of the fire, they are disqualified, but if they remained red as they were, they are kosher. And same law applies regarding the small intestines which were customarily green. If they changed from their natural state and turned red, they are ineligible. And similarly, the water fowl where their heart, their liver and their gizzard are green, if they fell into the fire and turned red, they are ineligible. For all that changed from their appearance on account of the fire are ineligible. And the measurement of the change of the appearance, is the smallest amount, like the perforation in the smallest amount.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
דרסה – a person with his feet [tread on them].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
או שטרפה בכותל – that he it against the wall.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
או שרצצתה בהמה – that one should be worried for these three matters (i.e., fire, being trampled by humans and knocked against a wall) because of lesions of vital organs–internal injurie, and still making convulsive movements.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Chullin
אם שהתה מעת לעת ושחטה כשרה – and it requires examination, as we have written above (Mishnah 1 of this chapter) concerning cattle For all “tears” that the Sages counted in cattle, corresponding to fowl. The fowl has more of them, these which are taught in the Mishnah.
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