Comentário sobre Tahorot 8:7
אֲחוֹרֵי כֵלִים שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ בְמַשְׁקִים, רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַמַּשְׁקִין וְאֵין פּוֹסְלִין אֶת הָאֳכָלִין. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר, מְטַמְּאִין אֶת הַמַּשְׁקִין וּפוֹסְלִין אֶת הָאֳכָלִין. שִׁמְעוֹן אֲחִי עֲזַרְיָה אוֹמֵר, לֹא כָךְ וְלֹא כָךְ, אֶלָּא מַשְׁקִין שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ בַאֲחוֹרֵי הַכֵּלִים, מְטַמְּאִין אֶחָד וּפוֹסְלִין אֶחָד. הֲרֵי זֶה אוֹמֵר, מְטַמְּאֶיךָ לֹא טִמְּאוּנִי, וְאַתָּה טִמֵּאתָנִי:
O lado externo dos vasos que foram tornados impuros por líquidos, diz o rabino Eliezer: eles podem tornar líquidos impuros, mas não invalidam os alimentos [por terumah ] [tornando-os impuros]. O rabino Yehoshua diz: eles podem tornar impuros os líquidos e invalidar os alimentos [ terumah ]. Shimon, o irmão de Azaryah, diz: nem isso nem aquilo, mas líquidos que se tornaram impuros do lado de fora dos vasos tornam um item impuro [item em contato, tornando-o um segundo grau de impureza] e [esse item, por sua vez, é capaz de] invalidar um [mais item, tornando-o um nível de impureza de terceiro grau, o que invalida os alimentos terumah ]. Eis que [é como se a comida terumah ] dissesse [aos líquidos], "aquilo que o torna impuro [isto é, o exterior dos vasos] não me impurifica, mas você me tornou impuro!"
Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
אחורי כלים שנטמאו במשקין – that [the Mishnah] took/used the term, "אחורי כלים"/the outer sides of utensils, is because they were lenient, for a vessel whose outer part was ritually defiled with ritually impure liquids, its outer sides are ritually impure, but its inside – its handles, its rims/borders and its hands are ritually pure because the ritually impurity of liquids to defile vessels is from the Rabbis, they were lenient concerning it. But if its inside was defiled by impure liquids, all of it is defiled.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
The outer parts of vessels that have contracted uncleanness from liquids: Rabbi Eliezer says: they defile liquids but they do not disqualify foods. Rabbi Joshua says: they defile liquids and also disqualify foods. The outsides of these vessels are impure through contact with impure liquids but the inside remains pure. This is a light form of impurity, and the sages will now debate just how light it is. Rabbi Eliezer holds that the backs of the vessels defile liquids, even non-sacred liquids. They don't defile regular food and neither does it disqualify terumah. Rabbi Joshua says that it even disqualifies terumah food. This is because the liquids that defiled the vessel cause the vessel to have second degree impurity. Second degree impurity defiles liquids and disqualifies terumah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
מטמאים את המשקין – even that which is non-consecrated [liquids].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Tahorot
Shimon the brother of Azariah says: neither this nor that. Rather, liquids that were defiled from the outer parts of vessels defile at one remove and disqualify at a second remove. It is as if it say, "that which defiled you did not defile me but you have defiled me." According to Albeck, Rabbi Eliezer and Rabbi Joshua were arguing about an older halakhah. Shimon brother of Azariah responds that both of them are incorrect for neither recited the ancient halakhah correctly. Rather, the earlier sages had said that if liquid is defiled by the outer portion of a vessel it has first degree impurity. It will defile terumah and give it second degree impurity. If this terumah that has second degree impurity has contact with other food, it will disqualify it. The final line of the mishnah is a personification of the food (such personifications were found in Parah 8:2-7). The food says to the liquid that which defiled you, the outside of the vessel, was not sufficient to defile me. For the outside of vessels can only defile liquids. But you, Mr. Defiled Liquid, you did defile me!
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
ואין פוסלין את התרומה – and even that of heave-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
ר' יהושע אומר מטמאין את המשקין ופוסלין את האוכלים – Rabbi Yehoshua derives (in Tractate Niddah 7b) that the outer sides of utensils defile foods of heave-offering through an a fortiori/Kal VaHomer from the law of a person who immersed himself that day/טבול יום. Just as a person who immersed himself that day does not defile liquids and the Sages did not decree on a person who immersed himself that day that he defiles the liquids, nevertheless, he defiles the foods of heave-offering, as it is written (Leviticus 22:7): “As soon as the sun sets, he shall be pure; and afterward he may eat of the sacred donations, [for they are his food],” for he is not ritually pure to eat heave-offering until his sun has set, for the Biblical verse is speaking about heave-offering/Terumah. The outer sides of vessels that defile the liquids, does it not follow that they would invalidate the heave-offering? But Rabbi Eliezer did not concern himself with this a fortiori/Kal VaHomer, because the outer sides of utensils that are defiled by liquids is according to the Rabbis, and the person who immersed himself that day/טבול יום is from the Torah, and that which is Rabbinic, we don’t make an a fortiori [argument] on something from the Torah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
שמעון אחי עזריה – because Azariah dealt with practical maters and he would supply food to his brother Shimon who engaged in Torah study, therefore he is called by the name of Azariah, his brother.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Tahorot
לא כך ולא כך – we do not defile unconsecrated liquids nor do we invalidate/make unit food of heave-offering, but we do defile liquid have-offering, and those liquids of heave-offering, we defile at first degree of ritual impurity with foods of heave-offering that became second-degree of ritual impurity, and those foods invalidate/make unit other foods of heave-offering. And this is that we state that foods of heave-offering to liquids of heave-offering, “things that defile you do not defile me,” meaning to say, “the outer sides of a vessel that defiled you do not defile me, for they do not invalidate foods of heave offering, bur you defile me.” But the Halakha is according to Rabbi Eliezer.
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