Se alguém disser: "Darei madeira" [isto é, se ele promete dar madeira (para o Templo)], ele não pode dar menos de dois pedaços de madeira [do tipo que está disposto na pilha de madeira (do altar). (Seu tamanho era conhecido.) É o caso de quem promete dar madeira; mas se ele deseja dar madeira, ele pode dar até uma peça.], "incenso"—ele não pode dar nada menos que um punhado, [sendo esta a quantidade de incenso que vem com a oferta de refeições, viz. (Levítico 6: 8): "E ele levantará com a mão cheia da farinha da oferta de farinha, do seu azeite e de todo o incenso"—Assim como o levantamento da oferta de refeições é um punhado, também o (valor do) incenso é um punhado. Este é o caso de quem promete; mas se ele deseja doar, pode dar até um grão de incenso.], "ouro"—ele não pode dar menos que um dinar de ouro. [Isso, se ele especificar "moeda"; mas se ele apenas disser "ouro", não qualificado, ele pode trazer até um tzinora, uma espécie de garfo pequeno.] Seis (shofroth) eram para presentes. O que eles fizeram com isso? Eles compravam holocaustos—a carne para o Senhor e a pele para os Cohanim. Esse medrash foi aduzido por Yehoyada, o sumo sacerdote (Levítico 5:19): "É uma oferta de culpa; ele era culpado; uma oferta de culpa ao Senhor". [O começo do versículo parece contradizer o fim. Pois "uma oferta de culpa" conota o status e a halachá de uma oferta de presentes, isto é, que é comida pelos Cohanim. E "uma oferta de culpa ao Senhor" implica que é tudo para o Senhor. E Yehoyada expôs assim: O que quer que venha por causa do pecado e da culpa (como quando ele separou dinheiro para uma oferta pelo pecado ou uma oferta pela culpa e houve um excedente), as ofertas queimadas são compradas por esse excedente—a carne para o Senhor e a pele para os Cohanim.] Esta é a regra: holocaustos devem ser comprados pelo que vier por causa do pecado ou culpa. A carne, para o Senhor; a pele para os Cohanim. Para que os dois versículos sejam satisfeitos: "uma oferta de culpa ao Senhor" [—a carne]; "uma oferta de culpa" aos Cohanim [—a pele]. E está escrito [ie, Onde encontramos esse medrash de Yehoyada?] (II Reis 12:17): "O dinheiro da oferta pela culpa e o dinheiro pela oferta pelo pecado não serão trazidos para a casa de L rd. Será para os Cohanim. " [Isso não pode significar que os Cohanim devem se beneficiar do dinheiro dedicado às ofertas pelo pecado e pelas ofertas de culpa. O significado deve ser forçosamente que o produto seja destinado a algo de que a Cohanim se beneficia, isto é, ofertas queimadas, as peles pertencentes à Cohanim.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
לא יפחות מב' גזרים – a person who donates an unspecified [amount of] wood should not donate less than two logs, like those that are arranged on the pile of wood on the altar in the Temple and their measurement is known. And especially, a person who donates an unspecified [amount of] wood, but a person who desires to bring even one piece of wood should bring it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
Introduction
The first half of our mishnah explains what one who volunteers to bring wood, frankincense or gold, three of the chests mentioned in yesterday’s mishnah (sections 5-7), must bring.
The second half of the mishnah deals with the eighth section of yesterday’s mishnah, which mentions the six boxes upon which was inscribed “for freewill offerings.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
לא יפחות מן קומץ – for this is the measure of frankincense that comes with the meal-offering as it is written (Leviticus 6:8): “A handful of the choice flour and oil of the meal offering shall be taken from it, with all the frankincense that is on the meal offering, [and this token portion shall be turned into smoke on the altar as a pleasing odor to the LORD].” Just as the lifting of the meal-offering is with a handful, so also the frankincense is with a handful, but if he wants to bring even a particle/drop of frankincense, he can bring it. But a person who donates gold unspecified, should not [bring] less than a Dinar of gold, but this is when he mentioned the shape/form of the coin. But, if he did not mention a coin, but just gold, unspecified, he brings even a hook/curved pin which is a kind of small fork.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
One who says: “Behold, I am obligated to bring wood”, he may not bring less than two logs. [If he says: “Behold, I am obligated to bring] frankincense”, he may not bring less than a handful of it. [If he says: “Behold, I am obligated to bring] gold”, he may not bring less than a gold denar. This section spells out how much wood, frankincense or gold one must bring if one makes a vow to bring one of these items without specifying how much he will bring. If he specifies how much he will bring, then he brings that amount.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim
אשם הוא אשום אשם לה' – but this Biblical verse (Leviticus 5:19) is difficult from its beginning to its end. The words "אשם הוא"/”it is a guilt offering implies that his existence and his going, that which is eaten is for the Kohanim and the guilt-offering is for God, implying that it is all for God. But Jehoiada the [High] Priest expounded: "אשום אשם לה'" /”he has incurred guilt before the LORD”: Everything that comes on account of a sin and on account of guilt, for example, he separated monies for a sin-offering and a guilt-offering and there was a surplus from them, he should take that surplus as burnt-offerings. “The meat is for God, and the hides go to the Kohanim and it is found that these two Biblical verses are established. He has incurred guilt before God and a guilt offering to the priests. Where do we find this Midrash concerning Jehoiada, as it is written in II Kings (12:17) regarding Jehoiada? “Money brought as a guilt offering or as a sin offering was not deposited in the House of the LORD; it went to the priests.” But it is impossible to state that the money that was sanctified for the sake of a sin-offering and for the sake of a guilt-offering that the Priests should benefit from it, but by force, this is how it should be understood: They should make of it something from it that the Kohanim will benefit from – that is burnt offerings, for the hides go to the Kohanim.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
“On six [was inscribed] “for freewill-offerings”: What was done with the freewill-offerings? They would buy with them burnt-offerings, the flesh [of which] was for the name [of God] and the hides for the priests. As we learned yesterday, on six of the chests was inscribed “freewill offerings.” The mishnah now teaches that this money was used to buy burnt offerings. The flesh of the offering would be completely burnt on the altar but the hides would go to the priests.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim
The following is the midrash which was expounded by Yehoyada the high priest: “It is a guilt-offering; it is a guilt offering, it goes to the Lord” (Leviticus 5:19). This is the general rule: anything which is brought because of a sin or because of guilt, they should purchase with it burnt offerings, the flesh [of which] was for the name [of God] and the hides for the priests. Thus the two verses are fulfilled: a guilt offering for the Lord and a guilt offering for the priests, and it says: “Money brought as a guilt offering or as a sin offering was not deposited in the House of the Lord; it went to the priests” (II Kings 12:17). In this section we read a midrash which explains how we derive the halakhah in the previous section, that the priests receive the hides and the flesh is totally burnt. This is justified through a midrashic reading of Leviticus 5:19, which I have translated to facilitate its midrashic understanding. This verse seems to state that a guilt offering goes to God like a burnt offering, whereas we know from other places that the guilt offering goes to the priests. Yehoyada solves this riddle by stating that any surplus from money dedicated to purchasing a sin or guilt offering is used to buy burnt offerings, the flesh goes to the altar and the hides go to the priest. This is the now the interpretation of the verse in II Kings 12 which contains an extended explanation of how Yehoyada would collect money for the Temple. Verse 17 states that “Money brought as a guilt offering or as a sin offering was not deposited in the House of the Lord; it went to the priests.” This cannot be explained to simply mean that money set aside to purchase guilt or sin offerings went directly to the priests, since they had to buy the sacrifices. Rather the explanation is that if money was left over after the requisite sacrifices were purchased, they would buy with it burnt-offerings as voluntary offerings, and they would keep the hides for themselves.
