Mishnah
Mishnah

Comentário sobre Shekalim 5:1

אֵלּוּ הֵן הַמְמֻנִּין שֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּקְדָּשׁ, יוֹחָנָן בֶּן פִּנְחָס עַל הַחוֹתָמוֹת, אֲחִיָּה עַל הַנְּסָכִים, מַתִּתְיָה בֶּן שְׁמוּאֵל עַל הַפְּיָסוֹת, פְּתַחְיָה עַל הַקִּנִּין. פְּתַחְיָה, זֶה מָרְדְּכָי. לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ פְּתַחְיָה. שֶׁהָיָה פּוֹתֵחַ בִּדְבָרִים וְדוֹרְשָׁן, וְיוֹדֵעַ שִׁבְעִים לָשׁוֹן. בֶּן אֲחִיָּה עַל חוֹלֵי מֵעַיִם, נְחוּנְיָא חוֹפֵר שִׁיחִין, גְּבִינֵי כָרוֹז, בֶּן גֶּבֶר עַל נְעִילַת שְׁעָרִים, בֶּן בֵּבָי עַל הַפָּקִיעַ, בֶּן אַרְזָה עַל הַצִּלְצָל, הֻגְרַס בֶּן לֵוִי עַל הַשִּׁיר, בֵּית גַּרְמוּ עַל מַעֲשֵׂה לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים, בֵּית אַבְטִינָס עַל מַעֲשֵׂה הַקְּטֹרֶת, אֶלְעָזָר עַל הַפָּרוֹכוֹת, וּפִנְחָס עַל הַמַּלְבּוּשׁ:

Estes são os nomeados que foram designados no Templo [As quinze variedades de nomeação e posto mencionados em nossa Mishnah sempre obtidas no Templo. Os homens mencionados aqui nem todos viviam ao mesmo tempo; os santos e os melhores de todas as gerações são mencionados. Nossos rabinos explicaram que, como os primeiros nomeados foram assim chamados, todos os que vieram atrás deles foram chamados pelo seu nome]: Yochanan b. Pinchas sobre os selos e sobre a farinha [a ser explicada abaixo na Mishnah], Achiyah sobre as libações, Matitya b. Shmuel sobre os lotes [para ensinar a ordem dos lotes; quem realiza esse serviço, quem o outro, como explicado em Yoma], Petachyah sobre os kinin (pássaros),—[Os que não têm expiação, que trazem ofertas obrigatórias de pássaros, pombas e pombos jovens, colocam seu dinheiro no shofroth no templo, e os nomeados sobre o shofroth pegam o dinheiro e compram parentes por ele. O designado sobre os parentes tinha que ser um grande sábio e especialista, como declarado em Avoth (3:18): "Kinin e a (determinação) do início de niddah (o período menstrual) são os elementos essenciais da halachá."] Petachyah é Mardoqueu. Por que ele foi chamado de "Petachyah"? Porque ele "abria" palavras e as expunha e era fluente em setenta idiomas. [Este é "Mardoqueu Bilshan" (Esdras 2: 2), que subiu do exílio. Ele foi assim chamado ("Bilshan") porque assimilou (balal) muitas línguas (leshonoth)], Ben Achiyah sobre aqueles que sofrem de distúrbios intestinais [Como os Cohanim andavam descalços no chão e comiam muita carne e bebiam água, estavam sujeitos a desordem intestinal e eles sempre precisavam de um médico para prescrever para eles.], Nechunias sobre as covas [Ele foi designado para cavar covas e cavernas para fornecer água potável para os peregrinos do festival], Gevini sobre as proclamações [Gevini faria proclame todas as manhãs no templo: "Levante-se, Cohanim, por seu serviço", e Jericó pôde ouvir sua voz.] Ben Gever sobre o fechamento das portas [fechando-as à noite e abrindo-as pela manhã], Ben Bevai sobre a pekia [uma pulseira com a qual açoitar Cohanim e Levitas encontrava dormindo em seus relógios do templo à noite, conforme declarado em Middoth 1: "Quem foi encontrado dormindo seria amarrado e sua roupa queimada. Os Yerushalmi explicam" pekia "como mechas para a alta re beth hashoevah, como afirmado (Succa 5: 3): "Das calças desgastadas dos cohanim e de seus cintos, eles fizeram mechas (mafki'im pethiloth)"], Ben Arzah sobre o tziltzal (prato) [como em (1 Samuel 3:11): "Seus dois ouvidos 'vibrarão'" (tetzilenah). Quando os levitas ouvissem o som, começariam a cantar.], Hugras b. Levi sobre a música [para começar a música; e quando ele concluía, todos concluíram], Beth Garmo, sobre a preparação do pão de show, [que estava na forma de um baú aberto. Eles eram artistas em sua preparação e cozimento, (especialistas em) removê-lo do forno sem quebrá-lo e processá-lo para não moldar.], Beth Avtinas sobre a preparação do incenso [Eles eram especialistas na composição do incenso e conheciam uma erva chamada "ma'aleh ashan" ("o criador de fumaça"), que, quando adicionada às especiarias do incenso, fazia com que a fumaça subisse em uma coluna.], Elazar sobre o paróquia (o Cortinas do templo) [para fazer novas cortinas quando necessário], e Pinchas sobre o guarda-roupa [Ele foi designado para vestir os Cohanim para o serviço e remover as vestes sacerdotais após o serviço e prendê-las nos compartimentos a eles atribuídos.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

אלו הן הממונים – fifteen kinds of officers and appointment to authority that are considered in our Mishnah were the daily offering in the Temple. However, these men that are considered were not at the same time, but the pious and the worthy in each generation he would appoint. But my teachers explained on account that the first appointees were appointed for this – thus this was their names. Therefore, the ones who came after them were called by their name
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

These were the officers in the Temple:
Yohanan the son of Pinchas was over the seals.
Ahiyah over the libations.
Mattityah the son of Shmuel over the lots.
Petahiah over the bird-offering. (Petahiah was Mordecai. Why was his name called Petahiah? Because he ‘opened’ matters and expounded them, and he understood the seventy.
The son of Ahijah over the sickness of the bowels.
Nehuniah, the digger of ditches.
Gevini, the crier.
The son of Gever over the locking of the gates.
The son of Bevai over the strips [for lighting the menorah].
The son of Arza over the cymbal.
Hugras the son of Levi over the song.
The house of Garmu over the making of the showbread.
The house of Avtinas over the preparing of the frankincense.
Elazar over the curtains.
And Pinchas over the priestly vestments.
This mishnah lists and names fifteen officers who performed various services in the Temple. There are various interpretations as to the names. Albeck explains that in every generation the officers who filled these functions were called by these names. Another explanation is that this is the list of the names of those who served in the Temple at the time when this mishnah was composed.
1) Yohanan the son of Pinchas was over the seals: This will be explained below in mishnayot 3-5.
2) Ahiyah over the libations: This too will be explained in mishnayot 3-5.
3) Mattityah the son of Shmuel over the lots: Lots were cast between the priests in order to determine who got to offer which sacrifice.
4) Petahiah over the bird-offering. (Petahiah was Mordecai. Why was his name called Petahiah? Because he ‘opened’ matters and expounded them, and he understood the seventy tongues): Petahiah sold bird-offerings to those who needed to bring them. The section in parentheses is a late addition to the mishnah that is missing from most manuscripts. Petahiah comes from the word “petach” which means to open and can refer to the opening of a midrashic sermon.
5) The son of Ahiyah over the sickness of the bowels: Many priests had gastrointestinal ailments. This is probably due to their frequent contact with raw meat and infected water. The son of Ahiyah was responsible for the medicines and other cures for these illnesses.
6) Nehuniah, the digger of ditches: Nehuniah oversaw the digging of wells, cisterns and irrigation channels.
7) Gevini, the announcer: Gevini would cry out each morning, “Rise up priests to your worship (avodah), Levites to your stands and Israelites to your stations (maamadot).”
8) The son of Gever over the locking of the gates: He would close the gates in the evening.
9) The son of Bevai over the strips: these were the wicks used in lighting the menorah.
10) The son of Arza over the cymbal: The cymbal was used to signal to the Levites to begin to sing.
11) Hugras the son of Levi over the song: he conducted the Levites in their daily songs.
12) The house of Garmu over the making of the showbread: this house of priests was responsible for baking the twelve loaves that were on the table throughout the week.
13) The house of Avtinas over the preparing of the frankincense: they crushed the herbs and prepared the mixture.
14) Elazar over the curtains: he sewed the curtains and then maintained them.
15) And Pinchas over the priestly vestments: he made the vestments, put them on the priests and then took them off when their service was completed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על החותמות ועל הסלתות – it will be explained further in our Mishnah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על הפייסות – to teach the order of the lottery, who will merit with this service, and whom with that, as is explained in the Tractate Yoma (see Chapter 2, Mishnayot 1-4).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על הקינים – those lacking atonement such as the man and/or a woman with a flux and a woman who just gave birth bring obligatory bird-offerings which are doves and pigeons – they put their monies in the shofar-shaped [chests] that are in the Temple. But those who are appointed over the shofar-shaped [chests] take the money and bring through them the bird-offerings, and someone who was wise, great in knowledge and a specialist had to be appointed, as we state in Tractate Avot (Chapter 3, Mishnah 18).
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

שהיה פותח דברים וכו' – This is Mordecai Bilshan that came up [to the land of Israel] from the Diaspora, and he is called this because he mixed up many languages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על חולי מעים – because the Kohanim walk barefoot on the floor and eat a lot of meat and drink water, their intestines were ruined and they always needed a doctor to tell them: this is the good medication for the intestines.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

חופר שיחין – he was appointed to dig cisterns, pits and caves, in order that water would be found to drink for those who come up [to Jerusalem] on the Pilgrimage Festivals.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

גביני כרוז – that was his name of the man who would announce each morning in the Temple: “Arise, O Priests, to your Divine Service” and they would hear his voice from Jericho.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על נעילת שערים – to lock the gates in the evening and to open them in the morning.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על הפקיע – to whip the Kohanim and Levites that were found to be sleeping during their watches when they would guard the Temple at night, as we say in Tractate [Middot] (see Chapter 1, Mishnah 2, where it states that would use a stick – and not necessarily a strip of leather/strap used as a whip), whomever they would find sleeping they would beat him and burn his clothing. But in the Jerusalem Talmud, they would explain that he stripped the wicks of the Menorah and of the House of Water Drawing as we state in [Tractate Sukkah], the chapter “The flute-playing” (chapter 5) [Talmud Sukkah 51b -see Mishnah 3] – “from the warn-out pants and girdles of the Kohanim, they made wicks [and would kindle them].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

צלצל – a musical instrument that has a large sound, from the language תצילנה אזניו/it will be a loud shriek in his ears, “cymbal” in the foreign language.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

בית גרמו – the name of a family.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על לחם הפנים – that would be made something like a breached chest and they were artisans in his action and in his baking to detach it from the oven so that it would not break and to make it so that it would not grow moldy.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

בית אבטינס – the name of a family that were experts in mixing the incense and they recognized a certain grass whose name was a smoke-raiser (name of a plant) and when they would mix it with the spices of the incense, the smoke of the incense would rise straight up like a stick.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

על הפרכות – to make new hangings when they were needed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

המלביש – he was appointed to dress the Kohanim at the time of the Divine Service and to undress them after their service, and to preserve the priestly garments in the compartments that were designed for this.
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