Comentário sobre Sanhedrin 7:5
הַמְגַדֵּף אֵינוֹ חַיָּב עַד שֶׁיְּפָרֵשׁ הַשֵּׁם. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, בְּכָל יוֹם דָּנִין אֶת הָעֵדִים בְּכִנּוּי יַכֶּה יוֹסֵי אֶת יוֹסֵי. נִגְמַר הַדִּין, לֹא הוֹרְגִים בְּכִנּוּי, אֶלָּא מוֹצִיאִים כָּל אָדָם לַחוּץ וְשׁוֹאֲלִים אֶת הַגָּדוֹל שֶׁבָּהֶן וְאוֹמְרִים לוֹ אֱמֹר מַה שֶּׁשָּׁמַעְתָּ בְּפֵרוּשׁ, וְהוּא אוֹמֵר, וְהַדַּיָּנִים עוֹמְדִין עַל רַגְלֵיהֶן וְקוֹרְעִין וְלֹא מְאַחִין. וְהַשֵּׁנִי אוֹמֵר אַף אֲנִי כָּמוֹהוּ, וְהַשְּׁלִישִׁי אוֹמֵר אַף אֲנִי כָּמוֹהוּ:
Quem blasfema não é responsável até que ele mencione o Nome [e "abençoe" o Nome pelo Nome (isto é, "X amaldiçoe X"), sendo escrito (Levítico 24:16): "E quem blasfema do Nome ... se ele blasfemar o nome " —blasfemar o nome pelo nome.] R. Yehoshua b. Karchah disse: Durante todo o dia [da deliberação] eles examinariam as testemunhas (para blasfemar) com um epíteto (kinui) [Um "objeto substituto" de uma maldição é chamado "kinui" pelos sábios; e, nas Escrituras (Jó 32:22): "Ki loyadati achaneh" ("Porque agora eu sei como medir palavras")]—"Yossi pode ferir Yossi." [Ouvi dizer que o Tetragrammaton é aludido por "Yossi", pois (Yossi) possui quatro letras, cuja gematria (86) é "Elokim".] Quando o julgamento foi concluído [e beth-din veio para pronunciá-lo liableb], eles não puderam executá-lo [com base no testemunho que ouviram, pois haviam ouvido da boca apenas uma maldição] pelo epíteto.] Mas todos são enviados, [sendo humilhante proferir uma "bênção de o Nome "em público], e eles perguntam à testemunha sênior (o que ele ouviu) e lhe dizem:" Repita o que você ouviu explicitamente "e ele o faz. E os juízes se põem de pé e rasgam (suas roupas) e não as revendem [de maneira "acabada", com costura de Alexandrine, onde o aluguel não é perceptível; mas outra costura é permitida.], e a segunda testemunha diz: "Eu também ouvi como ele". [e ele não precisa repeti-lo explicitamente], e o terceiro diz: "Eu também ouvi como ele fez". [Isso está de acordo com a visão de que, assim como duas (testemunhas) constituem um testemunho, o mesmo ocorre com três.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin
English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin
Rabbi Joshua b. Korcha said: “The whole day [of the trial] the witnesses are examined by means of a substitute for the divine name:, ‘may Yose smite Yose.”
When the trial was finished, the accused was not executed on this evidence, but all persons were removed [from court], and the chief witness was told, ‘State literally what you heard.’
Thereupon he did so, [using the divine name].
The judges then arose and tore their garments, which were not to be resewn.
The second witness stated: “I too have heard thus” [but not uttering the divine name], and the third says: “I too heard thus.”
Mishnah five deals with the blasphemer and the special circumstances of his trial.
With regards to the blasphemer the Torah states (Lev. 24:15): “Anyone who blasphemes his God shall bear his guilt. If he also pronounces the name of the Lord, he shall be put to death.” From these verses the Rabbis learned that the blasphemer was obligated for the death penalty only if he used God’s four letter name.
The problem with putting the blasphemer on trial is that when the witnesses testify and repeat what they heard, they too will be blaspheming God’s name. Although they certainly would not receive the death penalty for doing so, it was nevertheless seen to be unacceptable for even a witness to repeat what he heard, especially in a public trial. Therefore, during the court’s deliberation they used a code word, “may Yose smite Yose”. However, in order to complete the trial the witnesses needed to state what they heard explicitly at least one time. Therefore, at the end of the trial they would remove everyone from the court and only the witnesses and the judges would remain. They would then ask the eldest witness to say explicitly what he heard. So painful was it for the judges to hear God’s name being blasphemed that they would tear their clothes and not repair them. This was a typical sign of mourning. The remaining witnesses would not need to say exactly what they heard, thereby repeating the blasphemy. Rather they would merely say that they heard what the first person heard.