Comentário sobre Ketubot 5:5
אֵלּוּ מְלָאכוֹת שֶׁהָאִשָּׁה עוֹשָׂה לְבַעְלָהּ, טוֹחֶנֶת, וְאוֹפָה, וּמְכַבֶּסֶת, מְבַשֶּׁלֶת, וּמֵנִיקָה אֶת בְּנָהּ, מַצַּעַת לוֹ הַמִּטָּה, וְעוֹשָׂה בַצֶּמֶר. הִכְנִיסָה לוֹ שִׁפְחָה אַחַת, לֹא טוֹחֶנֶת, וְלֹא אוֹפָה וְלֹא מְכַבֶּסֶת. שְׁתַּיִם, אֵינָהּ מְבַשֶּׁלֶת וְאֵינָהּ מֵנִיקָה אֶת בְּנָהּ. שָׁלֹשׁ, אֵינָהּ מַצַּעַת לוֹ הַמִּטָּה וְאֵינָהּ עוֹשָׂה בַצֶּמֶר. אַרְבָּעָה, יוֹשֶׁבֶת בַּקַּתֶּדְרָא. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אוֹמֵר, אֲפִלּוּ הִכְנִיסָה לוֹ מֵאָה שְׁפָחוֹת, כּוֹפָהּ לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּצֶּמֶר, שֶׁהַבַּטָּלָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי זִמָּה. רַבָּן שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן גַּמְלִיאֵל אוֹמֵר, אַף הַמַּדִּיר אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ מִלַּעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה, יוֹצִיא וְיִתֵּן כְּתֻבָּתָהּ, שֶׁהַבַּטָּלָה מְבִיאָה לִידֵי שִׁעֲמוּם:
Estes são os trabalhos que uma esposa realiza para o marido: ela mói [com um pequeno moinho de mão. E se o moinho é grande, ela faz tudo o que é necessário para a moagem, como colocar (o grão) na tremonha e recolher a refeição.], Ela assa, lava, cozinha, cozinha, amamenta o filho, faz a cama dele, e ela trabalha em lã. Se ela trouxe para ele uma fiança (isto é, dinheiro ou propriedade com a qual comprar uma fiança), ela não mói, nem assa nem lava. Dois—ela não cozinha nem amamenta seu filho. Três—ela não arruma a cama nem trabalha com lã. Quatro— ela senta em uma cathedra [uma poltrona, e ela não faz recados para ele —apesar de ela servir o copo dele para ele, estender a cama e lavar o rosto, as mãos e os pés. Pois esses trabalhos não são realizados por outra mulher, mas pela própria esposa.] R. Eliezer diz: Mesmo que ela tenha trazido para ele uma centena de escravas, ela é obrigada a trabalhar em lã, pois a ociosidade leva à luxúria. R. Shimon b. Gamliel diz: Além disso, alguém que, por voto, proíbe sua esposa de trabalhar, deve mandá-la embora e dar-lhe seu kethubah, pois a ociosidade leva a shiamum [desorientação. O targum de (Deuteronômio 28:28): "timhon levav" (confusão de coração) é "sha'amimuth liba". R. Eliezer e R. Shimon b. Gamliel será diferente em relação a uma mulher que não está ociosa, mas que joga—a obtenção do fator de luxúria; o fator shiamum não é obtido. Pois shiamum obtém apenas onde se senta e se pergunta e está completamente ocioso. A halachá está de acordo com R. Eliezer.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Grinding,
Baking,
If she brought one slave-woman into the marriage she need not grind or bake or wash.
Washing,
Rabbi Eliezer says: even if she brought him a hundred slave-women he may compel her to work in wool; for idleness leads to unchastity.
Cooking,
Nursing her child,
Preparing his bed,
And working in wool. [If she brought] two slave-women, she need not cook or nurse her child. If three, she need not prepare his bed or work in wool. If four, she may lounge in an easy chair. Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says: if a man forbade his wife under a vow to do any work he must divorce her and give her kethubah to her for idleness leads to insanity.
Yesterday’s mishnah mentioned that a husband has a right to his wife’s handiwork. Our mishnah delineates other obligations that the wife has to her husband. Note that although the Mishnaic portrayal of marriage was not equal, meaning men and women did not perform the same functions, there is reciprocity. A husband must financially support the woman (among other responsibilities) and a woman must give her handiwork to her husband and perform daily chores around the house.
Section one: This section lists the basic categories of work that a wife must perform for her husband. Note that nursing was considered “work” and not primarily an opportunity for a woman to “bond” with her child. Our mishnah assumes that women would prefer to pay a wet-nurse to nurse their child. The Talmud states that this list contains only the broad categories of work but that there are other things that a wife must do for her husband.
Section two: If a woman brings slaves as dowry into the marriage, she is no longer responsible for all of the work. The more slaves she brings into the marriage, the less she is obligated to work.
Section three: Rabbi Eliezer disagrees with the previous statement, that if a wife brings four slaves into a marriage she may sit around and do nothing. A husband can always force his wife to make wool, an easy task but one that would keep her busy, for too much idle time may lead her to unchastity. We can note that this mishnah espouses what many Americans hold as an ideal: work and keeping busy not only provides for oneself, but also protects one from trouble.
While Rabbi Eliezer says that a husband can force a wife to work, Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says that a husband cannot prevent a wife from performing work. A husband cannot take a vow prohibiting his wife from working for such idleness might lead her to being insanely bored. A rich husband might want his wife to sit around all day and do nothing, just so that everyone can see what a rich man he is and that his wife need not work. In order to protect the woman, Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says that a husband does not have such a right