Przydzielono mu kilku starszych spośród starszych Beth-Din, którzy czytali mu [przez wszystkie siedem dni] według porządku dnia (pojednania) [w Kapłańskiej 16]; i powiedzieli do niego: "Panie nasz, arcykapłanie, przeczytaj to ustami, abyś nie zapomniał lub nie nauczył się tego." [Było to konieczne w drugiej świątyni, kiedy niekwalifikowani arcykapłani byli mianowani przez władze rządzące. Ale w pierwszej świątyni wyznaczyli tylko największych kapłanów: w mądrości, pięknie, sile i bogactwie. A gdyby nie był bogaty, jego współkapłani „wywyższali” go z tego, co ich było, a mianowicie. (Kapłańska 21:10): „I kapłan, który jest większy niż jego bracia”—Uczyń go wielkim z tego, co należy do jego braci.] W przeddzień Jom Kipur stawali go przy wschodniej bramie i mijali przed nim woły, barany i owce, aby zaznajomić go ze służbą. [Myślał o bestiach przechodzących przed nim, aby wycisnąć na sobie halachoth z porządku dnia].
Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma
And they read before him. All seven days.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yoma
Introduction
This mishnah describes how the elders educated the high priest during the week that preceded Yom Kippur. We can easily note that the rabbis anticipate that the high priest will be completely uneducated in Torah and in the proper ways of the Temple service. Indeed, they don’t think that he even knows how to identify common sacrificial animals! According to the traditional understanding of this mishnah, the high priests that served in the Second Temple period were appointed by the kings out of political considerations and not for their expertise in Temple practice or for their personal piety. This is largely corroborated out by other descriptions of the high priests in such writings as Josephus and other historical works. However, the rabbis’ description of the high priest’s utter ignorance may be exacerbated by the Second Temple rivalry between the Pharisees, the rabbis’ spiritual forefathers and the Sadducees, a sect to which many high priests belonged.
Another interesting way of understanding this mishnah is to note the tension between the genealogically transmitted priesthood and the Torah which is transmitted from teacher to pupil and not necessarily from father to son. The rabbis generally favored the relationship of teacher to pupil even over that of father to son but also realized that the priesthood was genealogical. In the high priest who must serve in the Temple’s most critical service even though he was an ignoramus these two values distinctly clash.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma
From the order of the day. From parashat Acharei Mot.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yoma
They delivered to him elders from the elders of the court and they read before him [throughout the seven days] from the order of the day. And they say to him, “Sir, high priest, you read it yourself with your own mouth, lest you have forgotten or lest you have never learned.” During the week that precedes Yom Kippur the elders read to the high priest from Leviticus 16 so that he will understand how to perform the service. Even if he professes to know what to do, they tell him to read it himself, or perhaps to repeat what they say to him, lest he might have forgotten it or lest he never read the portion in the first place.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma
My master. My lord.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Yoma
On the eve of Yom HaKippurim in the morning they place him at the eastern gate and pass before him oxen, rams and sheep, so that he may recognize and become familiar with the service. On the eve of Yom Kippur they show him various animals so that he will know which ones are which and which ones are offered for which sacrifice.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma
שמא לא למדת – During Second Temple times, it was necessary for this, as they would appoint High Priests who were not honest, according to the Kingdom, whereas during First Temple Times, they would not appoint a High Priest, other than someone who is the greatest among the Priests in wisdom, beauty, strength and riches, and if he did not have riches, his brethren among the Priests would raise him up from their own, as it states (Leviticus 21:10): “The priest who is exalted above his fellows….”they would raise him from among his brothers.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Yoma
שיהא מכיר – he would take consideration of the animals passing before him to place upon his heart the laws of the order of the day [of Yom Kippur].
