Wszystkie potrzeby zmarłego mogą być zaspokojone (w szabat). Może być namaszczony [olejem] i opłukany [wodą. A jego górne i dolne otwory mogą być zatkane szmatą lub czymś innym, aby wiatr nie wchodził do środka i nie puchł.], O ile on (obecny) nie porusza kończyną [tj. Nie porusza się i podnieść rękę, stopę lub rzęsy, zabrania się poruszania martwej osoby lub którejkolwiek z kończyn, nawet jeśli wolno jej dotykać. I tak z wszystkimi muktzeh—wolno go dotykać i przesuwać. I nie wolno nawet dotykać jaja wylęgającego się w szabat lub w święto, ponieważ z powodu jego okrągłości „jego dotyk jest jego ruchem”]. Materac można wyjąć spod niego, aby położył się na piasku i być chronionym [i nie gnić szybko z powodu ciepła prześcieradeł i mat. Ale nie można go ruszać, by położyć go na piasku, jak stwierdzono powyżej: „dopóki nie poruszy kończyną”]. Jego szczęka może być zamknięta [gdyby się otwierała]—nie po to, aby go podnosić [tj. nie zamykać tego, co już zostało otwarte, gdyż pociągałoby to za sobą przesunięcie kończyny], ale [zapewnić], aby nie (otworzył się) dalej. Podobnie, jeśli belka została złamana, może być wsparta na ławce lub słupku łóżka [o statusie ruchomego] przedmiotu]—nie po to, żeby go podnieść, [bo to byłby boneh („budowanie”)], ale [aby zapewnić], że nie (pęknie) dalej. Oczy zmarłego nie mogą być zamknięte w szabat [nawet po jego śmierci, co stanowi ruch kończyny], i (mogą również) nie być zamknięte w dni powszednie. A jeśli ktoś zamyka oczy umierającemu człowiekowi, jest rozlewaczem krwi [bo najmniejsza rzecz może przyspieszyć jego śmierć.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
סכין – [anoint] with oil.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
In the previous mishnah we learned that a person may go on Shabbat to the Shabbat border to get a head start on preparations for a funeral after Shabbat. This mishnah deals with things that may be done on Shabbat itself, in order to prepare the body for burial or to preserve it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ומדיחין – with water, and they stop up his urinary organs. They close up his upper urinary organs and the bottom ones with a cloth or because of a matter in order that wind should not enter into him and become blown up/swelled.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
The mishnah lists things which may be done for a dead person on Shabbat itself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובלבד שלא יזיזו בו אבר – that he should not carry and raise neither his hand nor his foot nor the eye lashes, for it is prohibited to carry the dead person or a limb from his limbs even though it is permitted to touch him and similarly, all things that are forbidden for use or handling on the Sabbath, it is permitted to touch it but it is prohibited to carry it and an egg that was laid on the Sabbath or on a Festival day it is prohibited even to touch it for since the well (which was in the shape of a ball), touching it is like carrying it.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may perform all the needs of the dead: One may anoint him with oil and wash him, provided that no limb of his is moved. One may anoint the body with oil (done for the purposes of cleansing) and wash the body. However, the body itself may not be moved because it is muktzeh. The reason it is muktzeh is that there is no use for the body on Shabbat, and all things which have no use may not be moved.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ושומטים את הכר מתחתו – and it is found lying on the sound but we don’t carry it to place it on the sand – for the Teacher of the first part [of the Mishnah] taught: as long as he does not move even a limb.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may remove the pillow from under him, and [thereby] place him on sand, in order that he should be better preserved. One may remove the pillow/mattress upon which the dead body lies in order that it should be on the ground. This was considered a better means for preserving the body and preventing deterioration and the accompanying smell.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
בשביל שימתין – so that it does not decay as a result of the heat of the sheets and pillows.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may tie up the jaw, not in order that it should close but that it should not further [open]. One may tie the dead body’s jaw so that the mouth does not gape open further than it already is at the point of death. However, it is forbidden to close the jaw because it is forbidden to move even a limb of the body. One may preserve the state that the body is currently in, but not change that state.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
קושרין את הלחי – of he dead person for his mouth would continue to open.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And likewise, if a beam is broken, one may support it with a bench or bed posts, not in order that it [the break] should close up, but that it should go [open] no further. This section is loosely connected to that in the previous section. If a beam supporting the ceiling breaks on Shabbat, one may put something beneath it to support it so that it does not break any more. However, one may not put something underneath it so that the break closes up.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ולא שיעלה – to close what was open, which is moving a limb, but rather, it should not continue to open.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
One may not close [the eyes of] a corpse on Shabbat, nor on weekdays when he is about to die, and he who closes the eyes [of a dying person] at the point of death is a murderer. If a person dies with his/her eyes open, one may not close the eyes because it is forbidden to move a limb of the body. The mishnah adds that even during the week it is prohibited to close the eyes of a dying person because this may cause death to arrive more speedily. This is indeed a primary source used by halakhic authorities who wish to prohibit euthanasia. One may not do anything to make death come faster. However, we should remember that it is nearly impossible to learn what halakhah has to say on any given topic from one single source, especially one as sensitive and controversial as euthanasia.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
סומכים אותה בספסל – for it has the status of a utensil.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ולא שתעלה – for it would be like “building.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
אין מעצמין – [they do not close] his eyes on the Sabbath, even after the soul has left, for it is like moving a limb.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
שופך דמים – for in a small manner, he brings his death closer.
