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Komentarz do Sanhedryn 1:3

סְמִיכַת זְקֵנִים וַעֲרִיפַת עֶגְלָה, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה, דִּבְרֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן. וְרַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, בַּחֲמִשָּׁה. הַחֲלִיצָה וְהַמֵּאוּנִין, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. נֶטַע רְבָעִי וּמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי שֶׁאֵין דָּמָיו יְדוּעִין, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. הַהֶקְדֵּשׁוֹת, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. הָעֲרָכִין הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין, בִּשְׁלֹשָׁה. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, אֶחָד מֵהֶן כֹּהֵן. וְהַקַּרְקָעוֹת, תִּשְׁעָה וְכֹהֵן. וְאָדָם, כַּיּוֹצֵא בָהֶן:

Złożenie rąk starszych (semichath zekenim) [na cielcu he'elam davar, (wspólnotowe przestępstwo przez błąd sądowy)] (wymagane trzech sędziów). [Sugeruje się również powołanie sędziego —starszy, wyświęcony sędzia wymagający, aby dwójka dołączyła do niego, gdy chce wyświęcić mędrca nazywać się „Rebbi” i orzekać w wyrokach karnych (knass). Termin „semichah” został użyty ze względu na (Lb 28:23): „I on (Mojżesz) włożył na niego ręce” (Jozue). Nie jest konieczne (w naszym przypadku), aby położył na nim ręce, ale aby dodał do swojego imienia tytuł „Rebbi”. Nie ma semichah poza Eretz Yisrael, ale zarówno wyświęcający, jak i ten, który ma być wyświęcony, muszą być w Eretz Yisrael. Jeśli ten warunek jest spełniony, ma on władzę rządzenia w zgrabnym osądzie nawet poza Eretz Israel, Sanhedrynem działającym zarówno w Eretz Yisrael, jak i poza nim po wyświęceniu w Eretz Yisrael. Rambam pisze, że wydaje mu się, że w obecnym czasie, kiedy nie ma święceń, jeden człowiek po drugim z powrotem do Mosze Rabbeinu, jeśli wszyscy mędrcy w Erec Israel zgodzili się wyświęcić jednego lub wielu, są oni należycie wyświęcani i oni są upoważnieni do orzekania w grubych sądach i ordynowania innych. Sprawa wymaga rozstrzygnięcia.] („Włożenie rąk starszych”) i złamanie karku jałówki (patrz Księga Powtórzonego Prawa 21: 2) wymaga trzech sędziów [jest napisane (Księga Kapłańska 4:15): „ starsi zboru ”. Minimalna liczba starszych to dwóch, a betydin nie może być równo zbalansowany, więc dodaje się inny, tworząc trzy.] To są słowa R. Szimona. R. Juda mówi: Pięć potrzeba, [to znaczy: "I umieszczą"—dwa; "starszyzna"—dwa, a bet-din nie może być równomiernie zbilansowane, więc dodaje się kolejny, co daje pięć. Halacha jest zgodna z R. Yehudah.] Chalitzah (odmowa lewiratu) i miunin (odmowa) wymagają trzech. [(„Chalitzah” :) Jest napisane (Powtórzonego Prawa 25: 9): „Wtedy jego jewama zbliży się do niego na oczach starszych”: „starsi”—dwa; a bet-din nie może być równomiernie zbilansowane, więc dodaje się inny, co daje trzy. Dwie pozostałe dodane są (dodawane w kolejności) w celu upublicznienia sprawy. („miunin” :) Jeżeli nieletnia sierota wyszła za mąż za mężczyznę przez matkę i braci za jej zgodą, a ona (później) chciała go opuścić przez miun („odmowa”), miun musi stanąć przed trzema sędziami. (W Yevamoth wskazano, że miun przed dwoma wystarczy.)] Neta revai (sadzenie czwartego roku) [jeśli przyjdzie odkupić ją za pieniądze] i [podobnie] druga dziesięcina, której wartość pieniężna nie jest znana [np. zgniłe owoce, które nie mają ustalonej ceny] i poświęcenia (świątynne) [jeśli ktoś przyjdzie, aby je odkupić], wymagają trzech sędziów. Wyceny rzeczy ruchomych wymagają trzech [tj. Gdyby ktoś powiedział: „wycena tego człowieka jest na mnie” (aby dać Świątyni), a on nie miał pieniędzy do wydania zgodnie z pieniędzmi określonymi w rozdziale (o wycenach), i chciał dać go w ruchomościach, trzech sędziów jest zobowiązanych do oceny tych ruchomości.] R. Juda powiedział: Jeden z nich musi być Coheinem [jest napisane w odniesieniu do wyceny (Księga Kapłańska 27:12): „jako Cohein ceni to dla ciebie. ”] I (wycena) na ziemi wymaga dziewięciu i Coheina. [Jeśli nie ma rzeczy ruchomych i przychodzi, aby dać ziemię, dziesięciu ludzi, z których jeden jest Coheinem, musi ocenić tę ziemię pod narzuconą wycenę.] To samo dotyczy (wartości) człowieka. [Jeśli powiedział: „Wartość tego człowieka spoczywa na mnie” (aby dać Świątyni), w którym to przypadku ocenia się wartość rynkową mężczyzny i przekazane pieniądze, ta ocena również wymaga dziesięciu ludzi, z których jeden to Cohein.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

סמיכת זקנים – on the head of a bullock over a matter that escaped the notice of the community. And there is in the implication of these things also the appointment of a judge, for the greatest one who is ordained, needs to combine with him two [others] when he wants to ordain a Sage in order in order that he will be called “Rabbi” and will adjudicate laws of fines. And we use the language of סמיכה / laying of hands/ordination because it is written (Numbers 27:23): “He laid his hands upon him [and commissioned him – as the LORD had spoken through Moses].” And not that one requires the ordaining with his hands upon him, but by name, as they call him “Rabbi.” But there is no ordination outside of the Land of Israel, but it is necessary that the one who ordains and the ordainee are all together in the Land of Israel, for then he will have permission to adjudicate the laws of fines, and even outside of the Land, for the [authority of the] Sanhedrin applies both in the Land [of Israel] and outside of the Land [of Israel], after they have been ordained in the Land [of Israel]. And Maimonides wrote that it appeared to him that since we no longer have men ordained by the mouth of other men [going back] until the time of Moses our Teacher, if all the Sages in the Land of Israel would each ordain one individual or many, it would be that they would be ordained and able to adjudicate the laws of fines and they would be able to ordain others. And this matter requires a verdict by a majority of one.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

The laying on of the elders’ hands and the breaking of the heifer’s neck [are decided upon] by three, according to Rabbi Shimon. But Rabbi Judah says: “By five.”
The rites of halitzah and “refusal” [are performed] before three.
The fruit of fourth year plantings and Second Tithes whose value is not known [are redeemed] before three.
Things dedicated to the Temple [are redeemed] before three.
Vows of evaluation to be redeemed with movable property, [are evaluated] before three. Rabbi Judah says: “One must be a priest.” [Vows of evaluation], [to be redeemed] with land [are evaluated] before nine and a priest.
And similarly [for the evaluation] of a man.

Mishnah three deals with the number of judges needed in cases that are of a religious/ritual nature.
Section one: According to Leviticus 4:13-21, when the whole community of Israel commits an accidental transgression, they must bring a bull as a sin offering. According to verse 15, before sacrificing the bull the elders would lay their hands on the bull’s head. Our mishnah teaches that this laying on of the hands was done by three judges.
The “breaking of the heifer’s neck” refers to Deut. 21:1-9. These verses describe a ritual of expiation that was to be done in the case where a person was found murdered but the murderer was unknown. Deuteronomy refers to “elders” who were to carry out the process and our mishnah teaches that there were three.
Section two: Halitzah is the refusal of the Levirate marriage (Deut. 25:5-10). If a woman’s husband dies and they have no offspring, his brother is obligated to marry her and bring forth offspring on his dead brother’s behalf. This is called “Levirate marriage”. If the brother should refuse to do so, they must go through a process called Halitzah before the woman is free to marry someone else. This is done in front of three judges.
“Refusal” refers to a daughter who was married off by her brother or mother. According to the Rabbis a father has a right to marry off his daughter while she is a minor and this marriage is totally binding and the girl cannot be released from the marriage except upon the death of the husband or divorce. However, a mother or brother’s ability to marry off the girl is less binding. When she becomes of a majority age she may refuse her husband and thereby annul the marriage. The “refusal” must be done in front of three judges.
Section three: Plants that are in their fourth year and the Second Tithe must be brought to Jerusalem and eaten there. If one lived far from Jerusalem and did not wish to carry all of this produce all the way to Jerusalem he could “redeem” the produce and bring the money to Jerusalem and use it to buy food there. The redeeming had to be done in front of three judges.
Section four: If a person dedicated an animal to the Temple that was not fit to be sacrificed, for instance a donkey, he could redeem the animal and donate the money to the Temple (Lev. 27:11). The redemption had to be done in front of three.
Section five: According to Lev. 27 a person could take a vow to donate his own value to the Temple. In such a case the Torah gives set amounts of money that must be donated to the Temple, depending on the age and gender of the one who took the vow. In general, since the Torah prescribes set amounts, no judges will be needed to evaluate how much the person owes. If however, the person has no money, he will need to donate some of his property. If the property to be donated is movable property a court of three is sufficient for its evaluation. According to Rabbi Judah, one of them must be a priest. If the property to be donated is land, a court of ten, including one priest is needed to determine the value of the land. According to Lev. 27:8, if the one who took the vow could not afford to donate his own value a priest was allowed to assess how much he could afford. According to the mishnah this assessment was done in front of a court of ten, which would include one priest.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ועריפת העגלה בשלשה – since it is written (Leviticus 4:15): “ The elders of the community [lay their hands upon the head of the bull before the LORD…”, the lowest [value] of [the word] זקנים/elders is two, and there cannot be an even-balanced court, they add upon them another “one,” so that there are three.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

רבי יהודה אומר: בחמשה – [The word] וסמכו/and they lay their hands [denotes] “two”, [and the word] זקני/elders [denotes] two, and there cannot be an even-balanced court, they add upon them another “one,” so that there are five, and the Halakha is according to Rabbi Yehuda.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

מצות חליצה בשלשה – As it is written (Deuteronomy 25:9): “the brother’s widow shall go up to him in the presence of the elders…” The word זקנים /elders [denotes] two , and there cannot be an even-handed court, they add upon them another “one,” which makes three. And the other two which they add on are not [added] other than to publicize the matter.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

מיאונין – A minor orphan girl whose mother or brothers married her off, with her knowledge, and may go free with her protest against a marriage to her husband [contracted during her minority], which must take place [with a Jewish court] of three [judges], and in the Tractate Yevamot, it is proved that a woman’s protest it is enough [that the protest is lodged] in front of two [judges].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

נטע רבעי – if he comes to redeem [them] by setting aside its monetary value, and similarly for the Second Tithe, where their value is not known, such as fruits that rotted and they do not have a known market rate.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

וההקדשות – One who comes to redeem them requires three [judges] to estimate [their value].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

הערכין המיטלטלין – For a person who said: “[I vow] the value of so-and-so upon myself”, and he lacks money to give according to the established price and he comes to give [the equivalent] in movable objects, requires three [judges] to estimate [the value] of those movables.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

אחד מהן כהן – that in valuations [of a person or animal dedicated to the Temple], a Kohen is written (Leviticus 27:12): “whatever assessment is set by the priest shall stand.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

והקרקעות – and if he lacks movable [objects] and comes to give land, it requires ten individuals who will assess [the value of] the land, and one of them must be a Kohen, that it will be according the value that he must give.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ואדם כיוצא בהן – and if he said, the value of so-and-so is upon me, that we appraise the how much worth he would have to be sold in the marketplace, and he gives its monetary value, and this also requires that there would be ten [individuals], and one of them a Kohen in this appraisal.
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