Komentarz do Kelim 4:4
כְּלִי חֶרֶשׂ שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ שָׁלֹשׁ שְׂפָיוֹת, הַפְּנִימִית עוֹדֶפֶת, הַכֹּל טָהוֹר. הַחִיצוֹנָה עוֹדֶפֶת, הַכֹּל טָמֵא. הָאֶמְצָעִית עוֹדֶפֶת, מִמֶּנָּה וְלִפְנִים, טָמֵא. מִמֶּנָּה וְלַחוּץ, טָהוֹר. הָיוּ שָׁווֹת, רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר, חוֹלְקִין הָאֶמְצָעִית. וַחֲכָמִים אוֹמְרִים, הַכֹּל טָהוֹר. כְּלֵי חֶרֶס, מֵאֵימָתַי מְקַבְּלִין טֻמְאָה, מִשֶּׁיִּצָּרְפוּ בַכִּבְשָׁן, וְהִיא גְמַר מְלַאכְתָּן:
Naczynie gliniane, które ma trzy wargi, jeśli wewnętrzna się rozciąga, wszystko jest czyste; jeśli rozciąga się zewnętrzna, wszystko jest nieczyste. Jeśli rozciąga się środek, od niego do wewnątrz jest nieczysty, a od niego na zewnątrz jest czysty. Gdyby wszystkie były równe, rabin Yehudah mówi, że środkowy jest podzielony, ale mędrcy twierdzą, że całe naczynie jest czyste. Kiedy naczynie gliniane staje się podatne na zanieczyszczenie? Kiedy jest wypalany w piecu, a to kończy swoją pracę.
Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
שפאיות – from the language of שפה/rim, border. That it has three rims for its mouth and airspace in-between them. Between each rim.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
An earthenware vessel that has three rims: If the innermost one projects above the others, all outside it is not susceptible to impurity. If the outermost one projects above the others all within it is susceptible to impurity; And if the middle one projects above the others, that which is within it is susceptible to impurity, while that which is without it is not susceptible to impurity. The vessel referred to here has three rims, forming three circles around the vessel. Since earthenware vessels do not become impure by contact through their backs (their outside) the mishnah needs to determine which of the rims is "inside" and which is the actual rim. The basic determining factor is that the highest rim is the "real" rim. So if the innermost rim is highest, the outer two rims are the outside of the vessel and are not susceptible to impurity. And if the outermost rim is highest, then it is the "real" rim and everything inside is susceptible.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
הפנימית עודפת הכל טהור (if the inner one is largest – in height) – everything that is outside from it is considered like the back of the utensil/vessel and an earthenware vessel cannot be made impure from its outside. But what is within on the inside is impure.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
If they were equal in height: Rabbi Judah says: the middle one is deemed to be divided. But the sages ruled: all are not susceptible to impurity. If all three rims are of the same height, then Rabbi Judah says we split them right down the middle. From the middle of the middle rim and inwards is susceptible and the outside is not susceptible. The other sages disagree and hold that anything outside of the inner rim is not susceptible to impurity.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
החיצונה עודפת הכל אמא – for that which is outside it is like on the back of the utensil/vessel, and what is in front of it is considered the inside. And similarly, if the middle [rim] is highest, from it and outward is considered on top of and what is inward is considered inside, for the vessel is filled until is highest part.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Kelim
When do earthenware vessels become susceptible to impurity? As soon as they are baked in the furnace, that being the completion of their manufacture. This clause contains an essential principle in the laws of impurity. Vessels are susceptible to impurity once their manufacture is complete. At that point they become "vessels." The manufacture of earthenware vessels is complete once they are baked in the furnace. If a defiling agent comes into contact with them before that point, they are still clean.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
היו שוות – that none of the rims is larger than its neighbor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
וחכמים אומרים הכל טהור – the rim that the defilement fell upon in its airspace alone is impure, but the remainder is all pure. And this is the Halakha.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
משיצרפם בכבשן – but prior to smelting it is a vessel of earth and does not become defiled.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Kelim
והוא גמר מלאכה – but even though that after smelting the furnace, it requires repair for washing, to smooth them and to even out their borders, nevertheless, from when they are fired in the furnace, it is considered that their manufacture has been completed and they can become defiled.
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