Mishnah
Mishnah

Talmud su Tohorot 4:11

סְפֵק יָדַיִם לִטָּמֵא וּלְטַמֵּא וְלִטָּהֵר, טָהוֹר. סְפֵק רְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים, טָהוֹר. סְפֵק דִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, אָכַל אֳכָלִים טְמֵאִים, שָׁתָה מַשְׁקִים טְמֵאִים, בָּא רֹאשׁוֹ וְרֻבּוֹ בְמַיִם שְׁאוּבִין, אוֹ שֶׁנָּפְלוּ עַל רֹאשׁוֹ וְרֻבּוֹ שְׁלשָׁה לֻגִּין מַיִם שְׁאוּבִים, סְפֵקוֹ טָהוֹר. אֲבָל דָּבָר שֶׁהוּא אַב הַטֻּמְאָה וְהוּא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים, סְפֵקוֹ טָמֵא:

L'incertezza delle mani sul fatto che essi stessi siano diventati impuri o abbiano reso [qualcosa] impuro o siano diventati puri [in tutti e tre i casi] sono puri. L'incertezza di dominio pubblico [vale a dire qualsiasi incertezza sullo stato di purezza che è stata generata quando qualcosa era di dominio pubblico] è pura. Per quanto riguarda l'incertezza riguardante [lo stato di purezza di qualcosa che è entrato in contatto con qualcosa di impuro solo secondo] le parole degli studiosi: Se [c'è un'incertezza sul fatto che] si mangiava cibi impuri o si beveva liquidi impuri, o se si la testa e la maggior parte del corpo sono entrati nell'acqua disegnata, o se tre accessi di acqua estratta sono caduti sulla testa e la maggior parte del corpo, [tutti che sono casi di qualcuno che i saggi hanno decretato diventano impuri a livello rabbinico,] in caso di incertezza, è puro. Ma per qualcosa che è un'origine dell'impurità secondo le parole degli studiosi [vale a dire qualcosa che i saggi hanno decretato dovrebbero essere trattati come un'origine dell'impurità], in caso di incertezza [se qualcuno potrebbe essere entrato in contatto con essa], è impuro.

Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot

Rebbi Zeïra went up to Rebbi Abbahu in Caesarea. When he met him he said: Come to eat. He [R. Abbahu] gave him a loaf to break and told him: Take it and recite the benediction. He [R. Zeïra] said to him: The householder knows best the qualities of his loaf. After they had eaten, he [R. Abbahu] said to him: Start and recite Grace. He [R. Zeïra] said to him: The rabbi knows Rav Huna who is a great man and he used to say that he who starts is the one who finishes83The parallel to this story is in the Babli, Berakhot 46a. There, the Babli adds that practice follows R. Joḥanan (in the name of R. Simeon bar Yoḥai) who declares that the head of the household should recite the benediction for the bread since he is the host but that the guest should recite Grace and add to it a public blessing for the host. Even though the two authors quoted are Israeli, it follows from the Yerushalmi here that the public blessing for the host was never accepted practice in Galilee.. A baraita disagrees with Rav Huna, as it was stated84A similar formulation is in Tosephta Berakhot 5:6 and a different one in Babli Berakhot 46b. It seems that the three texts represent three different traditions.: “The order of washing of the hands95Mishnah Ṭahorot 4:11: “In doubtful cases involving hands to become impure, to transmit impurity, or to be pure, they are declared pure.” Hence, since the House of Shammai agree that the entire matter is one of doubt, there is no problem since the hands of the person eating remain pure.. Up to five persons, one starts with the most important personality. More than that, one starts with the least important one86Since one cannot ask the V.I.P. to wait a long time between washing and breaking the bread. Once the hands are washed, one may not let his attention be diverted from them, otherwise he has to wash again.. In the middle of the meal one starts with the most important one87In the Tosephta, this sentence does not refer to washing one’s hands at all, but to pouring wine. The Babli (Ḥullin 105a/b) quotes a baraita that declares washing of hands in the middle of the meal (between courses) to be voluntary; the exact halakhic meaning of this statement is in doubt.. After the meal one starts with him who will recite Grace.” Does that not mean that he may prepare himself for reciting Grace88The Babli (46b) brings a story that Rebbi asked Rav to wash his hands first, meaning that he should recite Grace aloud for the entire company. It follows that Rebbi emphatically denies the rule of Rav Huna that, as noted earlier, was never accepted in Babylonia.? If you say that the one who starts is the one who finishes, he already is prepared! Rebbi Isaac said, explain it for those who come separately and do not know who will recite Grace.
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Jerusalem Talmud Berakhot

What is the reason of the House of Hillel? In case of doubt, fluids and hands are considered pure95Mishnah Ṭahorot 4:11: “In doubtful cases involving hands to become impure, to transmit impurity, or to be pure, they are declared pure.” Hence, since the House of Shammai agree that the entire matter is one of doubt, there is no problem since the hands of the person eating remain pure.. Another explanation: “Hands” are not for profane food96The entire institution of secondary impurity for hands has no Biblical basis for profane food; it has been instituted following “the discipline of terumah.” Hence, there is no reason to follow strict rules in case of doubt since it is a principle that doubts regarding Rabbinic institutions must be resolved leniently..
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