Commento su Terumot 5:1
סְאָה תְרוּמָה טְמֵאָה שֶׁנָפְלָה לְפָחוֹת מִמֵּאָה חֻלִּין, אוֹ לְמַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן, אוֹ לְמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי, אוֹ לְהֶקְדֵּשׁ, בֵּין טְמֵאִין בֵּין טְהוֹרִים, יֵרָקֵבוּ. אִם טְהוֹרָה הָיְתָה אוֹתָהּ הַסְּאָה, יִמָּכְרוּ לַכֹּהֲנִים בִּדְמֵי תְרוּמָה, חוּץ מִדְּמֵי אוֹתָהּ סְאָה. וְאִם לְמַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן נָפְלָה, יִקְרָא שֵׁם לִתְרוּמַת מַעֲשֵׂר. וְאִם לְמַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי אוֹ לְהֶקְדֵּשׁ נָפְלָה, הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ יִפָּדוּ. וְאִם טְמֵאִים הָיוּ אוֹתָן הַחֻלִּין, יֵאָכְלוּ נִקּוּדִים אוֹ קְלָיוֹת, אוֹ יִלּוֹשׁוּ בְמֵי פֵרוֹת, אוֹ יִתְחַלְּקוּ לְעִסּוֹת, כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא בְמָקוֹם אֶחָד כַּבֵּיצָה:
Se una Se'ah [unità specifica di volume] di Terumah impura [prodotti consacrati per il consumo sacerdotale] cadesse in meno di cento [ Se'ah ] di Chulin [prodotti non sacri], o in Ma'aser Rishon [prima decima , che deve essere dato al levita], o in Ma'aser Sheni [seconda decima, che deve essere mangiato a Gerusalemme], o in Hekdesh [donazione consacrata], siano puri o impuri, devono tutti [essere lasciati a ] rot. Se il Se'ah [di Terumah ] era puro, [la miscela] dovrebbe essere venduta ai sacerdoti al prezzo di Terumah , escludendo il valore di quel Se'ah [stesso]. Se è caduto in Ma'aser Rishon , dovrebbe dichiarare Terumat Ma'aser [una parte della decima che viene data al sacerdote]. E se è caduto in Ma'aser Sheni o in Hekdesh , devono essere riscattati. Se il Chulin era impuro, può essere consumato in piccole quantità, oppure arrostito o impastato con succo di frutta o diviso in pezzi di pasta in modo che non ci sia in nessun posto [un pezzo di pasta] delle dimensioni di un uovo.
Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
סאה תרומה טמאה שנפלה לפחות ממאה חולין – for impure heave-offering also is neutralized with one and one-hundred.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
Introduction
This mishnah continues to deal with various scenarios where terumah falls into hullin. Here we deal with cases where the hullin or the terumah is impure. Impure terumah cannot be eaten and rather must be burned.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ירקבו – for it is impossible for a Kohen to consume it because it is impure heave-offering. And surely as it is not taught in the Mishnah "ידלקו" /”that it should be burned,” tbecause we are concerned that perhaps that if he kindles them, they would come to a stumbling block/snare and that they would come to eat from it, because it is considered a mixture of heave-offering and unconsecrated produce (which is forbidden to non-priests), people would treat it lightly and they would not be careful about it all that much.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
If a seah of unclean terumah fell into less than a hundred seahs of hullin, or first tithe, or second tithe, or dedicated property, whether these were unclean or clean, they must all be left to rot. If the terumah was unclean it cannot be eaten and since it fell into a pile of less than one hundred parts hullin, it cannot be taken out. It doesn’t matter if the pile was first tithe, or second tithe or property dedicated to the Temple, or whether this pile was clean or unclean. Since the pile has a seah of unclean terumah in it which cannot be eaten, the entire pile must be left to rot. Commentators ask why the mishnah teaches that it should be left to rot and not burned, as is customary with unclean terumah. There are two answers. The Rambam states that if this type of produce is eaten raw, for instance, figs, then it must be burned. The mishnah refers to produce not eaten raw-this may be left to rot because no one will eat it in its current state. Other commentators say that it is better to always leave it to rot, lest by telling him that he can burn it, he may come to benefit from it before he burns it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
אם טהורה היתה אותה סאה – and also the unconsecrated produce should be sold to the Kohanim at the [low] cost of the Terumah/heave-offering, for its worth is less, because there aren’t many who consume it, if it is defiled, it is not fit for eating.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
If the seah [of terumah] was clean, [the mixture] must be sold to priests at the price of terumah, excluding the value of that seah itself. This is the standard law if both the terumah and the pile of hullin was clean, then if there was not a 100-1 ratio, the whole mixture must be sold only to priests at the price of terumah and he must give one of the seahs to the priest for free, since one of the seahs is actually terumah.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
חוץ מדמי אותה סאה – for it is necessary to give it to the Kohen.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
If it fell into first tithe, he should declare terumah of tithe. If the terumah fell into a pile of tithe, then what he should do is declare that he is separating the terumat maaser, the terumah taken from the tithes, and leaving it in this pile. Before he declares the terumat maaser the priest cannot eat it for even a priest cannot eat produce from which the various types of terumah has not been removed. He then can sell the whole mixture to a priest, minus the value of the seah of terumah that fell in, and minus the amount of terumat maaser that he would have had to take out of that pile and given to the priest for free.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ואם למעשר ראשון – pure [First Tithe] whose tithe had not been taken from it, the Terumah of the tithe that fell, he should request from the Levite that he should exchange them with unconsecrated produce, and the Levite should make them the Terumah of the tithe on his eatables forbidden pending the separation of sacred gifts..
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
And if it fell into second tithe or dedicated property, they must be redeemed. If it fell into a pile of second tithe or dedicated property then the pile must be redeemed before he can sell it to the priest. In the case of second tithe, the money would be brought to Jerusalem and used to buy food there, and in the case of dedicated property, the money would be given to the Temple. After having been redeemed, the pile reverts to a normal case of terumah mixed in with hullin and the rules in section two apply.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ואם למעשר שני והקדש טהורים נפלה – he should redeem them and consume the monetary worth of the tithe in Jerusalem, and that mixture of heave-offering and unconsecrated produce should be sold to the Kohanim at the monetary value of the heave-offering less the value of that Seah.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Terumot
If the hullin was unclean, it may be eaten in small quantities, or roasted, or kneaded with fruit juice, or divided into pieces of dough so that the size of one egg be not in any one place. The mishnah now refers to a case where the pile was unclean and the terumah was clean and it was sold to a priest, as described in section two. A priest can eat unclean hullin, the problem is how do we make sure that the unclean hullin does not cause the terumah to become unclean? We should first note that just touching the unclean hullin does not make the terumah unclean. This is because the mixture is still dry. Once the mixture is wet the terumah will become unclean. There are several ways around this problem. The first thing he can do is prepare and eat small amounts at a time, specifically, less than an olive’s worth. Food that is less than the volume of an olive does not transmit impurities, and hence, the mixed-in terumah will not become impure. The second option is to cook the grain without water by roasting it. The third option is to knead the dough made from the grain in fruit juice, since fruit juice is not one of the liquids that causes impurities to be transmitted (the six liquids that cause impurities to be transmitted are: water, dew, milk, honey, wine, blood and oil.) The final option would be to split the dough up into small batches so that each is less than the bulk of an olive.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
ואם טמאים היו – the unconsecrated produce and the First Tithe into which pure heave-offering fell, for now, he is not able to produce Terumah of the tithe on another place, he separates upon it Terumah of the Tithe and sells them to Kohanim, and the Kohanim can eat them in small bits, in explanation, in a dry condition, like (Joshua 9:12 – not quoted correctly by Bartenura): “[This bread of ours….and see] how dry and crumbly it has become.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
או קליות – just as that the ritually pure heave-offering was not made fit to receive Levitical uncleanness , and all food-stuffs that do not have liquid come upon them from the seven liquids (see Tractate Makhshirin, Chapter 6, Mishnah 4: dew, water, wine, oil, blood, milk, the honey of bees), it is not fitted to receive Levitical uncleanness.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
או ילושו במי פירות – as, for example, mulberry juice and pomegranates that are not made fit [to receive Levitical uncleanness].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Terumot
או יחלקום לעיסות – that he will give less than an egg’s bulk in each [little] lump of dough/started dough, and food-stuffs that are less than an egg’s size does not receive ritual impurities of eatables and it doesn’t defile ritual defilement of eatables, and if someone asks what is the difference from a Seah of ritually impure heave-offering that fell into ritually pure unconsecrated produce, that we state that it should rot, because it makes everything heave-offering and is considered like ritually impure and heave-offering that were mixed and would be forbidden to be eaten? But one can say that they are not similar, for above, this unconsecrated produce became like heave -offering, to be prohibited to foreigners (i.e., non-priests) on the strength of the ritually impure heave-offering, therefore, for Kohaim also, they are forbidden according to the law of ritually impure heave-offering/Terumah, but those unconsecrated produce of here, are not made into heave-offering, other than from the strength of pure heave-offering, therefore, they are permitted to Kohanim like ritually pure Terumah.
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