Et pour la profanation volontaire du sanctuaire et de ses objets sanctifiés [(Ceci est un enseignement générique)], l'enfant présenté à l'intérieur et Yom Kippour expie, [cela étant écrit (Lévitique 16:16): "et de leurs offenses pour toutes leurs péchés capitaux." "infractions" (peshaim)—ce sont des actes de rébellion.] Et pour les autres transgressions de la Torah: légères et rigoureuses, volontaires et involontaires, connues et inconnues, commandement positif et commandement négatif, krithoth et peines de mort judiciaires, l'enfant envoyé expie. [La Gemara explique ainsi toute la Michna: qu'elle soit légère ou stricte; s'il a transgressé volontairement ou involontairement; (Parmi ceux qu'il a transgressés sans le savoir,) si leur statut douteux lui était connu ou inconnu (par exemple, s'il savait ou non qu'il pouvait être interdit gras et qu'il en mangeait). Quels sont les "légers"? Commandements positifs et négatifs. Quels sont les "stricts"? Ceux qui sont passibles de krithuth (coupure) et de la peine de mort judiciaire.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot
ועל זדון טומאת מקדש וכו' – the anonymous section of the Talmud took this.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot
Introduction
Mishnah six continues to discuss which sacrificial goat brought as a sin-offering brings atonement for which transgression.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot
שעיר הנעשה בפנים ויום הכפורים מכפרים – as it is written (Leviticus 16:21): “and transgressions of the Israelites, whatever their sins, [putting them on the head of the goat.” But the transgressions are the rebellious acts (as opposed to sins of passion).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot
For intentional transgressions of the laws of impurity in connection with the temple and holy food, the goat offered inside [the Holy of Holies] on the Day of Atonement together with the Day of Atonement itself bring atonement. The previous several mishnayoth discussed for which sins the goats offered on new months, festivals and at the outer altar in the Temple on Yom Kippur bring atonement. Our mishnah discusses yet a fourth goat, the goat sacrificed by the High Priest on Yom Kippur and whose blood is sprinkled inside the Holy of Holies. This goat along with Yom Kippur itself atones for intentional transgressions of the laws of impurity in connection with the temple and holy food. The previous mishnayoth discussed only unintentional sins.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shevuot
החמורות והקלות וכו' – Our entire Mishnah is explained in the Gemara in the following manner (Tractate Shevuot 12b): whether minor or serious whether the act were perpetrated willfully or inadvertently, those that were done inadvertently, whether he was aware of the doubt concerning them or not aware of the doubt, meaning to say, whether he was aware that there came to his hand something that was doubtfully forbidden fat and he ate it, whether he did not know that something was doubtfully forbidden fat. And which are the minor [transgressions], whether they are positive or negative commandments, and which are the stringent cases, for extirpation or death at the hands of the Jewish court [The goat that is sent away provides atonement].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shevuot
For other transgressions of the Torah, light and grave, intentional and unintentional, known and unknown, positive and negative, those punishable by kareth and those punishable by death imposed by the court for all these the scapegoat [sent out on the Day of Atonement] brings atonement. All of the other possible transgressions of the Torah’s laws, no matter how they are punished and no matter how serious they may be, whether done intentionally or unintentionally, are atoned for by the scapegoat, sent out to the wilderness, on Yom Kippur. This teaching is learned from Leviticus 16:21-22: “And Aaron shall lay both his hands upon the head of the live goat and confess over it all the iniquities and transgressions of the Israelites, whatever their sins, putting them on the head of the goat; and it shall be sent off to the wilderness through a designated man. Thus the goat shall carry on it all their iniquities to an inaccessible region.” Our mishnah does not mention this, but there is one exception to this rule: transgressions between one human being and another, for instance shaming another person in public. The last mishnah in Tractate Yoma, which deals with Yom Kippur, states explicitly: “For sins between a man and God Yom Kippur atones; for sins between a man and his fellow, Yom Kippur does not atone.”
