Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Shekalim 2:5

מוֹתַר שְׁקָלִים, חֻלִּין. מוֹתַר עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵפָה, מוֹתַר קִנֵּי זָבִין, קִנֵּי זָבוֹת, קִנֵּי יוֹלְדוֹת, וְחַטָאוֹת וַאֲשָׁמוֹת, מוֹתְרֵיהֶן נְדָבָה. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כָּל שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְשֵׁם חַטָאת וּלְשֵׁם אַשְׁמָה, מוֹתָרָן נְדָבָה. מוֹתַר עוֹלָה, לָעוֹלָה. מוֹתַר מִנְחָה, לַמִּנְחָה. מוֹתַר שְׁלָמִים, לַשְּׁלָמִים. מוֹתַר פֶּסַח, לַשְּׁלָמִים. מוֹתַר נְזִירִים, לַנְּזִירִים. מוֹתַר נָזִיר, לַנְּדָבָה. מוֹתַר עֲנִיִּים, לָעֲנִיִּים. מוֹתַר עָנִי, לְאוֹתוֹ עָנִי. מוֹתַר שְׁבוּיִים, לַשְּׁבוּיִים. מוֹתַר שָׁבוּי, לְאוֹתוֹ שָׁבוּי. מוֹתַר הַמֵּתִים, לַמֵּתִים. מוֹתַר הַמֵּת, לְיוֹרְשָׁיו. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, מוֹתַר הַמֵּת, יְהֵא מֻנָּח עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר, מוֹתַר הַמֵּת בּוֹנִין לוֹ נֶפֶשׁ עַל קִבְרוֹ:

Le surplus de shekalim est chullin. [Si l'on met de l'argent de côté en disant: "C'est pour mon shekel", et ensuite, quand il le compte, on constate qu'il a un surplus, ce surplus est chullin. Cette Mishnah anonyme est comme par Beth Hillel.] Le surplus du dixième d'épha, les oiseaux de zavin, les oiseaux de zavoth, les oiseaux d'Yoldoth, les offrandes pour le péché et les offrandes de culpabilité (le surplus est) un cadeau (à hekdesh). [(«le dixième d'épha») qui est offert (dans un état de) pauvreté abjecte. Si de l'argent a été mis de côté pour cela, et qu'il y avait un surplus, ce surplus est un cadeau. Car tous les surplus des offrandes pour le péché et des offrandes de culpabilité sont des cadeaux pour l'acquisition des "holocaustes d'été" pour l'autel, selon le medrash de Yehoyada Hakohen (6: 6); et le dixième de l'épha est à la place de l'offrande pour le péché.] C'est la règle: le surplus de tout ce qui vient comme offrande pour le péché ou comme offrande de culpabilité est un don (pour les holocaustes). Le surplus d'une offrande brûlée est une offrande brûlée. [S'il a mis de l'argent de côté pour acheter une offrande brûlée et qu'il y avait un surplus, il achète une autre offrande brûlée avec.] Le surplus d'une offrande de repas est une offrande de repas. Le surplus d'une offre de paix est une offre de paix. Le surplus d'une Pessa'h est une offrande de paix, [il est écrit (Deutéronome 16: 2): "Et tu sacrifieras une Pessa'h au L rd votre D.ieu, moutons et bétail." Maintenant, le Pessa'h vient-il du bétail? Le sens, alors, est que le surplus de Pessa'h est pour ce qui vient des moutons et du bétail, à savoir les offrandes de paix.] Le surplus des Nazirites est pour les Nazirites. [S'ils ont collecté de l'argent pour des offrandes nazirites et qu'il y avait un surplus, l'argent est conservé pour l'acquisition d'offres pour d'autres Nazirites. Le surplus d'un Naziréen est un cadeau. [Si un naziréen individuel a mis de l'argent de côté pour ses offrandes et qu'il y avait un surplus, le surplus est un cadeau pour les holocaustes d'été pour l'autel.] Le surplus de (l'argent collecté pour) les pauvres est pour les pauvres. Le surplus d'un pauvre est pour ce pauvre homme. [S'ils collectaient de l'argent pour lui acheter des vêtements et qu'il y avait un surplus, ce surplus lui est donné.] Le surplus des captifs est pour les captifs. Le surplus d'un captif est pour ce captif. [S'ils ont recueilli la charité pour le rachat des captifs et qu'il y avait un surplus, il est conservé pour le rachat des autres captifs. Mais si l'argent a été expressément donné pour un captif en particulier, le surplus va à ce captif.] Le surplus des morts est pour les morts. [S'ils ont collecté pour l'enterrement des morts, en général, le surplus va vers l'enterrement des autres.] Le surplus d'un mort (particulier) est pour ses héritiers, [l'hypothèse étant que l'on renonce à son "dévalorisation" après mort en faveur de ses héritiers.] R. Meir dit: Le surplus d'un mort (particulier) doit être mis de côté jusqu'à ce qu'Eliyahu vienne. [R. Meir est dans le doute quant à savoir s'il renonce ou non à sa «dépréciation» en faveur de ses héritiers, raison pour laquelle il est mis de côté jusqu'à l'avènement d'Eliyahu.] R. Nathan dit: Le surplus d'un (particulier) mort est utilisé pour construire un monument sur sa tombe. [Il est évident pour R. Nathan qu'il ne renonce pas à sa «dépréciation», raison pour laquelle un monument est construit sur sa tombe avec le surplus, qui lui était déjà retourné. La halakha est conforme au premier tanna. Dans un cas où ils ont collecté pour les besoins (d'inhumation) d'une personne décédée en particulier, pensant qu'il était sans moyens, puis ils ont découvert que ce n'était pas le cas, nous ne disons pas que le surplus va aux héritiers, puisque la collecte était en erreur. Ceci est confirmé dans le Yerushalmi. Et il découle aussi du Yerushalmi et de notre gemara que là où il y a sept gardiens de la ville ou là où il y en a un, en charge de toutes les affaires communautaires, il peut allouer le surplus des captifs ou des pauvres ou des morts comme il le voit dicté. par les exigences du temps et il ne doit pas être perturbé. Et c'est toujours la règle dans la pratique.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר שקלים חולין – The person who collects/gathers money and says, “these are for my [one-half] Shekel, and when he comes to calculate what he had gathered, he found that there was excess and what was left over was Hullin/non-holy, and the anonymous teaching is according to the School of Hillel.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

The surplus of [money set aside for] shekels is non-sacred property.
The surplus of [money set aside for the] tenth of the ephah, and the surplus of [money set aside for] bird-offerings of zavim, for bird-offerings of zavot, for bird-offerings of women after childbirth, and sin-offerings and guilt-offerings, their surplus [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings. This is the general rule: all [money set aside] for a sin-offering or for a guilt-offering, the surplus [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a burnt-offering [must be used] for a burnt-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a meal-offering [must be used] for a meal-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a peace-offering [must be used] for a peace-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a pesach [must be used] for a wellbeing offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] the offerings of nazirites [must be used] for the offerings of other nazirites. The surplus of [money set aside for] the offerings of a [particular] nazirite [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings.
The surplus of [money raised for] the poor [must be used] for other poor. The surplus of [money raised for] a [particular] poor person [must be given] to that [poor person].
The surplus of [money raised for the ransom of] captives [must be used] for [the ransom of other] captives. The surplus of [money raised for the ransom of] a [particular] captive [must be given] to that captive.
The surplus of [the money raised for the burial of] the dead [must be used] for [the burial of other] dead. The surplus of [the money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person [must be given] to his heirs. Rabbi Meir says: the surplus of [money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person must be laid aside until Elijah comes. Rabbi Natan says: the surplus of [money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person [must be used] for building a monument for him over his grave.

In the previous mishnayot we dealt with the subject of what surplus money is used for. This mishnah discusses surpluses left over from money set aside for various other uses, mostly sacrifices or charity.
Section one: This halakhah is according to Bet Hillel’s opinion in mishnah three.
Section two: The tenth of the ephah (a measure of grain) is the sin-offering of a poor person. The bird-offerings mentioned here are brought by men or women who have had abnormal genital discharge (zavim and zavot, see above 1:5) or by women after childbirth. Money set aside for any of these offerings or for a sin-offering or a guilt-offering must be used to purchase freewill offerings. They can’t be used for other bird-offerings, sin-offerings or guilt-offerings because these can only be purchased for the sake of a specific sin or abnormal discharge. However, the surplus is still sacred because these offerings don’t have a fixed amount (see above mishnah 2).
Sections three-five: In all of these cases the extra money is used to buy another of the same type of sacrifice.
Section six: The extra money which was set aside for a pesah cannot be used as a pesah, because the surplus is only created when the holiday is already over. Rather the surplus is used to buy a wellbeing offering. In Pesahim we saw that the pesah is a type of wellbeing offering (see Pesahim 9:6-7).
Section seven: If charity collectors set aside money to buy nazirite offerings for nazirites who cannot afford to pay their offerings, then the surplus is used to buy other nazirite offerings. However, if the money is set aside for a specific nazirite it cannot be used to buy an offering for a different nazirite. Rather the surplus is used to purchase freewill offerings.
Section eight: Obviously, surplus charity should be used for more charity. However, if there is money set aside for a particular poor person, and there is surplus from that money, it too must go to that poor person. The charity collector may not say to himself, “That poor person doesn’t need all of that money. I’ll give the rest to someone else.” Rather, if the donor directed it to one person, the entire amount must be given to that person.
Section nine: Surplus from money collected to redeem captives is used to redeem other captives. However, if money was collected to redeem a specific captive, the surplus goes directly to that captive.
Section ten: Surplus money collected to bury the dead is used to bury other dead people. However, if the money was collected to bury a specific dead person there are three different opinions as to what to do with it. According to the first opinion, the money goes to the dead person’s inheritors. According to Rabbi Meir, it is forbidden to use it at all it must go untouched until Elijah comes. Finally, Rabbi Natan says it is used to build a tombstone over his grave.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

עשירית האיפה – that the poorest of the poor offer, if he separated out money, and there was excess, they go for a free-will donation, for all excess of sin-offerings and guilt-offerings, the excess is a free-will offering, to purchase with them burnt-offering for the altar’s summer time (a time when the alter was unemployed for private offerings, and free-will burnt-offerings had to be supplied form the Temple fund – see Mishnah Shekalim, Chapter 4, Mishnah 4), according to the Midrash of Jehoiada the Priest, and the tenth of an Ephah was in place of a sin-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר עולה עולה – if he separated monies to purchase a burnt-offering and there was excess, he should bring that excess for another burnt-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר הפסח לשלמים – as it is written (Deuteronomy 16:2): “You shall slaughter the Passover sacrifice for the LORD your God from the flock and the herd,” but the Passover sacrifice comes from the herd, but the excess of the Passover sacrifice should come from the flock and herd, that is peace-offerings.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר נזירים – if they collected money for the Nazirite sacrifices and there was excess, they should preserve them until they purchase other Nazirite sacrifices. But if one Nazirite separated monies for his sacrifices, and there was excess, the excess should go as a free-will offering to the altar’s summer offerings.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר שבוים – if they collected tzedakah for the redemption of captives, and there was excess remaining, he should preserve them (i.e., the monies) until they redeem other captives, but if they explicitly did so for this captive, that captive takes possession of it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר המתים למתים – if they collected for the needs of merely burying the dead, the excess is for the burial of other dead people, but, for this specific dead person, the excess goes to his inheritors, for the dead they forgive as it is a disgrace for his inheritors.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

יהא מונח עד שיבא אליהו – he is doubtful if the dead pardons his disgrace to his inheritors or not. Therefore, it should like until Elijah comes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

בונים לו נפש על קברו – it is obvious to Rabbi Natan that he does not pardon. Therefore, we build for him a tombstone on his grave from that same excess that the dead person gained. But the Halakha is according to the first Teacher [of the Mishnah] and where they collect for the needs of the burial of the dead because they would think that he didn’t have [funds] and it was found that he did have [funds], we don’t say that in this case, the excess of the dead person goes to his inheritors, since the collection was done in error, and this is proved in the Jerusalem Talmud. And furthermore, it is proven in the Jerusalem Talmud and in our Gemara [i.e., the Babylonian Talmud) (Tractate Megillah 27a) that where there are seven representatives of the town or a town organization where all the business of the community is decided by his mouth, and it appears in his eyes to change [what is done with] the excess of [monies for] captives or the excess of [monies for] the poor or the excess of [monies for] the dead to what appears in his eyes he can change and remove what appears in his eyes for the needs of the hour and they cannot stop him from doing so. And similarly, we always teach practical Halakha.
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