Un homme peut compter ses invités et ses portions verbalement, mais pas à partir d'un mémo. [S'il écrivait la veille du sabbat: "Tels et tels invités, etc." afin qu'il ne les oublie pas, il ne peut pas lire ce mémo sur Shabbath—un décret, de peur qu'il n'efface. Ou bien, parce qu'il pourrait venir lire des «notes profanes», et le Shabbath, il est permis de lire seulement la Loi écrite et la Loi orale (après qu'elle ait été écrite), et leurs commentaires. Mais d'autres choses, ou livres de sagesse qui ne sont pas des paroles de prophétie ou leurs exégèses sont interdits.] Et on peut tirer au sort à table [(pour déterminer qui recevra quelle portion)] avec ses enfants et les membres de sa famille, [qui sont des «habitués» à sa table et qui ne sont pas trop particuliers; mais pas avec les autres, pour les membres d'un groupe qui sont exigeants les uns avec les autres, qui ne se pardonnent pas et ne cèdent pas les uns avec les autres, transgressent en mesurant, pesant, numérotant, prêtant et payant, les rabbins ayant décrété contre ces derniers de peur qu'il n'écrive. ], tant qu'il n'a pas l'intention d'une grande partie contre une petite partie, à cause du jeu. [Notre Michna manque. Voici ce que cela signifie: «On peut tirer au sort avec ses enfants et avec les membres de sa famille à table, même une grande partie contre une petite partie—mais seulement avec ses enfants et les membres de sa famille et pas avec les autres. Et seulement s'il n'entend pas une grande portion contre une petite portion. "Ce n'est qu'alors qu'il est interdit en fête et permis un jour de semaine. Mais s'il entend une grande portion contre une petite portion, c'est interdit même sur un jour de la semaine, à cause du jeu. Car cela s'apparente à un vol, et asmachta ("confiance") n'effectue pas l'acquisition. Cette instance est celle de asmachta, car il "compte" sur le fait que le lot tombe sur la plus grande partie, raison pour laquelle il acquiesce à la possibilité qu'elle tombe également sur la petite portion. Mais s'il savait ab initio que cela se produirait, il n'accepterait pas.] Et il est permis de tirer au sort (chalashim) sur une fête [sur des offrandes qui ont été abattues sur le festival, pour la distribution parmi les Cohanim. ("chalashim" :) au sort, comme dans (Esaïe 14:12): "Cholesh ('Il jette au sort') sur les nations."], mais pas sur les portions [de les offrandes de la veille.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
פרפרותיו – kinds of dainties/sweets.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
Introduction
This mishnah has to do with reckoning certain types of accounts on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
אבל לא מן הכתב – if he wrote it from the Eve of the Sabbath (i.e., Friday): “so-and-so are guests” so that he would not forget, he should not read from the same document on the Sabbath, as a preventive measure lest he erase it; alternatively, lest he read private (not Hebrew) documents for it is prohibited to read anything on Shabbat other than the Written Torah and the Oral Torah, but other things or works of scholars that are not from the words of the prophets or their commentaries are forbidden (see Tractate Shabbat 149a).
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may count his guests and his appetizers/desserts by word, but not from writing. A host may want to count his guests or his food before or while the meal is being served. He may do so but he may not count them from a written list. The Tosefta explains that this is forbidden because it is acting on Shabbat the way one acts during the week. In the Talmud they explain that if he reads from a written list and sees that someone is not there or hears that they are not coming, he may erase their name from the list, a prohibited activity on Shabbat. Alternatively, he may grow accustomed to reading bills, lists and other types of business documents that a person should not read on Shabbat.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
A man may cast lots with his sons and the members of his household on the table, provided that he does not make a large portion against a small one, because of gambling. This section deals with casting lots for who will get to choose his portion of meat first and who will get the largest portion. We should note that this was an important issue in eating customs at the time and we hear a lot from contemporary sources about people complaining that they didn’t get a good portion. The head of the household or any other person may cast lots on Shabbat for who gets what portion, but he should not make the portions a disparate size to begin with, hoping that he will get the bigger portion, because this is a type of gambling. Gambling is always problematic according to Jewish law, but it certainly shouldn’t be done on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
עם בניו ועם בני ביתו – for they are dependent upon his table for there is no legal objection, but with others one cannot [do so], for members of the group that are strict with each other for they do not pardon and do not renounce each other, violate this because of the measurement and the weight and the number because they loan and collect and the Rabbis decreed on this lest they write it down.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shabbat
And [priests] may cast lots for sacrifices on festivals, but not for the portions. The priests could cast lots over who would get which sacrifice of the sacrifices offered on a festival. However, they may not cast lots on the festival over the sacrifices offered the day before, since they could have cast the lots then. As we have learned many times, anything that could be done before the holiday may not be done on the holiday itself.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
ובלבד שלא יתכוין וכו' – Our Mishnah is deficient, and should be read as follows: a person may conduct a lottery with his children and with the members of his household [dependent] upon his table and even a large portion corresponding to a small portion and specifically with his children and the members of his household, but not with others, provided that he does not intend to make a large portion correspond with a small portion, which is forbidden even on weekdays because dice-playing is theft and collateral security with the condition of forfeiture beyond the amount to be secured does not purchase/gives no title and this is a collateral security with the condition of forfeiture beyond the amount to be secured that is dependent upon the lottery if the lottery will fall to him on the large portion, he will be worthy of it, and therefore, he has left himself in doubt even for a lottery for a small portion through doubt , for had he known from the outset that this would be the case, he would not have accepted it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
חלשים – lotteries such as (Isaiah 14:12): “A vanquisher of nations.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shabbat
על הקדשים ביום טוב – that were slaughtered on Yom Tov/the Festival Day to distribute/divide them among the Kohanim.
