Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Sanhédrin 3:3

וְאֵלּוּ הֵן הַפְּסוּלִין, הַמְשַׂחֵק בְּקֻבְיָא, וְהַמַּלְוֶה בְרִבִּית, וּמַפְרִיחֵי יוֹנִים, וְסוֹחֲרֵי שְׁבִיעִית. אָמַר רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן, בִּתְחִלָּה הָיוּ קוֹרִין אוֹתָן אוֹסְפֵי שְׁבִיעִית, מִשֶּׁרַבּוּ הָאַנָּסִין, חָזְרוּ לִקְרוֹתָן סוֹחֲרֵי שְׁבִיעִית. אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוּדָה, אֵימָתַי, בִּזְמַן שֶׁאֵין לָהֶם אֻמָּנוּת אֶלָּא הִיא, אֲבָל יֵשׁ לָהֶן אֻמָּנוּת שֶׁלֹּא הִיא, כְּשֵׁרִין:

Ce sont ceux qui sont invalides [pour juger et témoigner]: Celui qui joue avec la kuvia (dés) (voir Rosh Hashanah 1: 8). [Il est inapte à témoigner car il ne s'engage pas dans «l'habitation du monde». Et il est interdit de s'engager dans son monde dans autre chose que la Torah et la bonté, ou dans le commerce, l'artisanat ou le travail conduisant à l'habitation du monde.], Celui qui prête à intérêt [l'emprunteur et le prêteur sont invalides, il étant jugé que les deux sont en violation d'un commandement négatif], ceux qui font la course aux pigeons [Certains comprennent cela comme une forme de jeu, à savoir: "Si votre pigeon vient avant mon pigeon, je vous donnerai, etc."; et certains le comprennent comme entraînant des pigeons à "enlever" d'autres pigeons à leur colombe, ceci étant "le vol en raison de (c'est-à-dire par violation de)" les voies de la paix "," et non le vol absolu], et ceux qui commerce (produit de) shevi'ith (l'année sabbatique), [dont il est écrit (Lévitique 25: 6): "Et le repos du pays sera à vous de manger"—et non pour le commerce.] R. Shimon a dit: Au début, ils les appelaient «les cueilleurs de shevi'ith» [La Gemara interprète ainsi R. Shimon: Au début, ils les appelaient «les cueilleurs de shevi'ith». Autrement dit, ceux qui récoltaient les fruits du shevi'ith pour eux-mêmes étaient inaptes à témoigner, tout comme ceux qui échangeaient les fruits du shevi'ith.] Avec l'augmentation des "extorqueurs" [ceux qui réquisitionnaient la part du roi, par ex. , tant et tant de korin de grain chaque année, de sorte qu'ils ont dû rassembler le produit du shevi'ith pour remplir le quota du roi], ils ont recommencé à les appeler "commerçants en shevi'ith" [c'est-à-dire qu'ils sont revenus à dire que «les commerçants» des fruits du shevi'ith seuls étaient inaptes à témoigner, mais ceux qui ont rassemblé le produit du shevi'ith pour le donner au roi sont dignes de témoigner, puisqu'ils ne le ramassent pas pour le stocker pour eux-mêmes . Quant à la halakha: Quiconque commet une transgression passible de la peine de mort judiciaire, du kareth (coupure) ou des coups de fouet, est inapte à témoigner, car celui qui a encouru la peine de mort est appelé "un malfaiteur", à savoir. (Nombres 35:31): "... qui est un malfaiteur (condamné) à mourir", comme l'est celui qui a subi des coups, à savoir. (Deutéronome 25: 2): "Et il en sera, si le malfaiteur est passible de meurtrissures", et il est écrit (Exode 23: 1): "Ne placez pas votre main avec un malfaiteur pour être un faux témoin", qui est expliqué: "Ne faites pas d'un malfaiteur un témoin." Et s'il reçoit des rayures, il revient à sa forme physique, à savoir. (Deutéronome 25: 3): "Et votre frère (en recevant des coups) sera humilié sous vos yeux"—Une fois qu'il a été frappé, il est comme ton frère. Et s'il a pris de l'argent illégalement, même s'il n'encourt ni la peine de mort ni les coups, il est inapte à témoigner, par exemple un voleur, un voleur et un prêteur d'intérêts. Et s'il a pris de l'argent en violation d'une ordonnance rabbinique, il est inapte à témoigner par ordonnance rabbinique, par exemple, les coureurs de pigeons et les "forceurs", qui donnent de l'argent et prennent des choses que les propriétaires ne souhaitent pas vendre, des collecteurs de charité et des impôts les collectionneurs qui prennent pour eux-mêmes et ceux qui acceptent la charité des gentils en public—ceux-ci et leurs semblables ne sont pas aptes à témoigner par ordonnance rabbinique. Et leur témoignage n'est pas invalide tant qu'ils ne sont pas exposés et rendus publics; mais ceux qui ne sont pas aptes à témoigner par la loi de la Torah n'ont pas besoin d'être ainsi exposés. Et tous ceux qui ne sont pas aptes à témoigner, que ce soit par la loi de la Torah ou par une ordonnance rabbinique, s'il peut être établi qu'ils se sont complètement repentis, et ont rendu l'argent qu'ils ont pris illégalement, et se sont fait une "clôture" dans l'affaire dans laquelle ils ont péché, pour ne pas le répéter, ils reviennent à leur (état de) forme physique. Et ceux qui jouent avec la kuvia, même s'ils ne sont pas coupables de vol, même par ordonnance rabbinique, sont inaptes à témoigner, car ils ne s'engagent pas dans «l'habitation du monde» et n'ont pas peur du Ciel. Et (ils ne sont donc inaptes) que lorsqu'ils n'ont pas d'occupation mais que, selon R. Yehudah (ci-dessous). Et c'est la halakha. Et quand sont-ils considérés comme s'étant repentis? Quand ils cassent leurs dés et prennent sur eux de ne pas jouer même gratuitement.] R. Yehudah a dit: Quand (sont-ils inaptes à témoigner)? Quand ils n'ont d'autre occupation que ça. Mais s'ils ont une occupation supplémentaire, ils sont en forme.

Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ואלו הן הפסולים – to judge or to testify [as witnesses].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

Introduction Mishnah three lists those people disqualified from testifying and judging.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

המשחק בקוביא – is ineligible for testimony because he does not engage in the welfare of the world. For it is forbidden for a person that he should engage himself other than in [the study of] Torah and deeds of lovingkindness, or in business and crafts or work which have [as its purpose] the welfare of the world.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

And these are they which are not qualified [to be witnesses or judges]:
A dice player, a usurer, pigeon racers, or traffickers in Seventh Year produce. Rabbi Shimon said: “In the beginning they called them ‘gatherers’ of Seventh Year produce, but after the oppressors grew many they changed this and called them ‘traffickers’ of Seventh Year produce.” Rabbi Judah said: “This applies only if they have no other trade, but if they have some other trade other than that, they are not disqualified.”
There are four types of people who are disqualified from acting as witnesses or judges: 1) The first is a dice player, in other words a gambler. Such a person cannot testify since he is known to be a liar, especially with regards to monetary matters. Another reason is that he doesn’t participate constructively in building society. 2) A usurer. He is also probably considered to not be trustworthy in monetary matters. 3) A pigeon racer. Racing pigeons was a form of gambling. 4) Those who sell produce grown during the Seventh Year. According to Lev. 25:5-7 produce grown in the fields during the Seventh Year may be eaten by its owners, but it may not be sold. One who therefore sells Seventh Year produce is engaging in forbidden business practices which according to our mishnah make him not trustworthy to testify or act as a judge. Rabbi Shimon points out that this law actually was different in an earlier period. According to Rabbi Shimon at first the law was stricter and forbade even those who gathered Seventh Year produce from testifying or judging. Although eating from the fields was permitted, a person who gathered the produce was suspected of later selling it, which was prohibited. Therefore, they originally forbade even those who gathered Seventh Year produce from testifying. However, once the oppressors grew too many they relaxed the prohibition. In the Talmud it is explained that the “oppressors” refers to the Roman government which demanded taxes from the produce grown on the land, even during the Seventh Year. The Rabbis therefore permitted a person to gather his produce and give it for taxes. When this happened they decided to allow people who gathered Seventh Year produce to testify. Rabbi Judah adds an important qualification on those who are prohibited from testifying. These people are disallowed to testify only if they have no other profession. If gambling or racing pigeons was only a hobby or an irregular activity they could still act as witnesses or as judges.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ומלוה בריבית – both the borrower and the lender are ineligible, and we hold that both the lender and the borrower violate a negative commandment.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Sanhedrin

Questions for Further Thought:
• What is the reasoning behind Rabbi Judah’s opinion?
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

ומפריחי יונים – there are those who explain this – as one of a kind of game/competition: “If yuour dove will come before my dove, I will give you such and such.” And there those who explain this as one who raises doves who know how to bring [other] doves to the house of its master against their will. And there is in this theft because of the ways of peace, but not complete theft.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

וסוחרי שביעית – who do business with seventh year produce, and the Torah stated: (Leviticus 25:6): “But you may eat whatever the land during its sabbath will produce...,” but not for business.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

רבי שמעון אומר: – In the Gemara, it explains this matter of Rabbi Shimon as such: At first, they would call them “people who collect seventh-year produce for themselves,” who were ineligible for testimony, just like those who engaged in the business of seventh-year produce.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Sanhedrin

משרבו האנסין – those who request portions of the King – such and such Korim of grain in each year. And they needed to gather the grain of the seventh year to pay off from it the portions of the king. And they went back to call only those who do business with grain of the seventh year are ineligible [to serve testify] but those who collect grain of the seventh year to give to the king are valid for testimony, and since they don’t collect it to store for themselves. But with regard to Halakhic decision-making, whomever transgressed a sin which makes him liable for death by the Jewish court or extirpation or flogging, is ineligible for testimony. And those liable for death are called רשע/wicked, as it is written (Numbers 35:31): “[You shall not accept a ransom for the life of a person] who is guilty of a capital crime; [he must be put to death].” And regarding those who are liable for flogging, it is written (Deuteronomy 25:2): “And if the guilty one is to be flogged…” And the Torah stated (Exodus 23:10): “You shall not join hands with the guilty to act as a malicious witness.” And the Rabbis expound on “You shall not join guilty hands.” And if he is flogged, he returns to his validity [as a witness], as it is written (Deuteronomy 25:3): “Your brother be degraded before your eyes.” Since he was flogged, he is like your brother. And if he took money, not according to the law, even though he is not liable by it for death or flogging, he ineligible for testimony, such as a thief and a robber and one who lends at interest. But if he took monies which have a Rabbinical prohibition, he is Rabbinically ineligible for testimony, such as those who are dove-racers (i.e., pigeon-racers), and an extortioner who gave money and took an object that the owners did not want to sell, and the which the tax-collectors and the customs collectors , who took it for themselves, and those who receive tzedakah in public from the heathens, these and those like them are Rabbinically ineligible for testimony. And their testimony is not nullified until they announce about them and make them public knowledge. But those who are ineligible to testify from the Torah do not require announcement, and all who are ineligible to testify whether from the Torah or from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), if it is known from their affairs that they completely repented and the monies that they took illegally were returned and that they made a fence and a partition (i.e., a guard against transgressing the law) for themselves in that matter where they had sinned so that they would not add to do this any further; behold, these returned to the validity [for testimony]. But those who are dice players, even though there is now theft, even from their words (i.e., the Rabbis), they are ineligible for testimony, because they do not engage in the welfare of the world and lack the fear of heaven. And especially because they have no work or craft other than this, according to the words of Rabbi Yehuda. And this is the Halakha. And when is their return? When they break their dice and accept upon themselves that even for free they should not do this.
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