Si une na'arah était séduite, son bosheth, son p'gam et son knass appartiennent à son père, et son tza'ar, [aussi,] si elle était forcée. Si elle a comparu devant Beth-Din avant la mort de son père, ils appartiennent à son père. Si son père est mort [après avoir comparu devant Beth-Din en tant que Na'arah, qu'elle soit ou non devenue Bogereth avant sa mort], ils appartiennent aux frères, [car depuis qu'il est apparu devant Beth-Din, le père les a acquis .] Si elle ne s'est pas présentée devant Beth-Din avant la mort de son père, elles lui appartiennent. [Car puisqu'il n'est pas apparu avant Beth-Din, il n'y a pas d'argent à léguer à ses fils.] Si elle est apparue avant Beth-Din avant de devenir un Bogereth, ils appartiennent à son père. Si son père est mort, ils appartiennent à ses frères. Si elle n'est pas apparue avant Beth-Din avant de devenir un Bogereth, ils lui appartiennent. R. Shimon dit: Si elle n'a pas collecté avant la mort du père, ils lui appartiennent. [Même s'il a comparu devant Beth-Din, ce n'est pas l'argent du père à léguer à ses fils jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne ses mains, il est écrit (Deutéronome 22:19): "Alors l'homme qui couche avec elle donnera le père de le na'arah cinquante kesef "—la Torah a amené le père à l'acquérir seulement à partir du moment du «don». La halakha n'est pas conforme à R. Shimon.] Le travail de ses mains [qu'elle a effectué du vivant de son père, même si elle n'a pas perçu son salaire] et de son metziah (les objets qu'elle trouve), même si elle l'a fait pas le ramasser, si son père est mort, ils appartiennent à ses frères. [La gemara demande: De qui recueille-t-elle son metziah? Et il répond: C'est l'intention: Le travail de ses mains est comme sa metziah, à savoir: Tout comme son metziah, du vivant de son père appartient à son père, et après la mort de son père, à elle (c'est-à-dire aux frères n'acquiert pas ce que la fille a trouvé après la mort de son père), de sorte que le travail de ses mains du vivant de son père appartient au père et est acquis par ses frères même si elle n'avait pas perçu son salaire; mais le travail de ses mains (qu'elle accomplit) après la mort de son père lui appartient, et ses frères n'ont aucun droit sur le travail de la fille après la mort du père.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
נערה: והצער בתפוסה – and the “pain” also goes to her father with someone who was raped.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Introduction
Our mishnah deals with the issue of who receives the payments if a girl is raped or seduced.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
מת האב – from when she stood in court during her being a young woman, whether she became an adult prior to [her father’s] death or whether she had not become a young man, they belong to the brothers, for since he stood before the court, the father took possession.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
If a young girl was seduced [the compensation for] her embarrassment and blemish and the fine belong to her father; [and the compensation for] pain in the case of one who was raped. This section teaches that all of the payments that are incurred by one who rapes or seduces a young girl are given to the father.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
לא הספיק לעמוד בדין וכו' – since he did not stand before the court, it is not his money to bequeath to his sons.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
If the girl’s case was tried before her father died [all the forms of compensation] are her father’s. If her father [subsequently] died they are her brothers’. If her father died before her case was tried they are hers. The mishnah now begins to deal with various situations in which the father died. The question is: does the money go to the girl herself, or does it go to her brothers who inherit her father? If the case was tried before the father died and then her father died the payments go to her brothers. This is because once the case was tried it is as if the father had already collected, even though he may not actually have collected. In essence the rapist or seducer owes the father money. Since this is so, when he dies, the seducer or rapist pays the money to the brothers, the father’s inheritors. However, if the father died before the case was tried, the money belongs to her. This is because at the point that it was determined that the rapist or seducer owes the money, she was already an orphan.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
רבי שמעון אומר – even though he stood in court, it is not the money of the father to bequeath to his sons until it reaches his hand, as it is written (Deuteronomy 22:29): The man who lay with her shall pay the girls father fifty [shekels of] silver.” The Torah did not cause the father to take possession until the time of the giving [of the money], but the Halakha is not according to Rabbi Shimon.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
If her case was tried before she became of majority age [all forms of compensation] are her father’s. If her father [subsequently] died they are her brothers’. If she became of majority age before her case was tried they are hers. This section deals with a situation in which the money has not been collected and she became of majority age. At this age her father no longer receives money that she earns. If the case was tried before she became of majority, and then the father died, the money goes to her brothers, for the same reasons outlined above. Since the debt was owed to the father, the brothers inherit this debt. However, if the case was not tried until after she became of majority age, the payments go directly to her, even if her father is still alive.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
מעשה ידיה – that she did during the life of her father, even though she had no collected, [such as, for example], the salary/reward for work.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Rabbi Shimon says if her father died before she could collect [the payments] they belong to her. According to the opinion in the above sections, the point at which the debt is determined is the trial. Rabbi Shimon disagrees and says that if she didn’t collect before her father dies, even if they have already been to trial, the money goes to her. According to Rabbi Shimon, the father does not bequeath money that is owed to him to his sons.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
Bartenura on Mishnah Ketubot
ומציאתה – In the Gemara (Tractate Ketubot 43a), it raises the question: “from whom is she to collect anything she finds?” And it responds as such: this is what he said: her handiwork is like anything she finds. Just as whatever she finds during the lifetime of her father belongs to her father, and after the death of her father is hers, meaning to say, that the brothers do not take possession of what the daughter has found after the death of the father, so too her handiwork [earned] during the lifetime of her father, belongs to the father and the brothers took possession of it [after their father’s death], even though she did not collect the earnings of her labor, but her handiwork that comes after the death of the father is hers, and the brothers do not have possession of the handiwork of the daughter who performs it after the death of the father.
Ask RabbiBookmarkShareCopy
English Explanation of Mishnah Ketubot
Her handiwork and anything she finds, even if she had not collected [the proceeds] belong to her brothers if her father died. While a daughter is in the status of a “na’arah” or younger all of her earnings belong to her father. Our mishnah teaches that any work she did or things that she found, even if they have not yet been collected (such as wages) already belong to her father. If he dies they go to her brothers as part of their father’s inheritance.
