Ils peuvent le clôturer avec des roseaux [coincés dans le sol et debout (une cloison perpendiculaire; celle des cordes, étant horizontale)], à condition qu'il n'y ait pas plus de trois tefachim entre un roseau et le suivant. Cela a été dit à propos d'une caravane. [Ils étaient indulgents avec eux, exigeant soit un arrangement perpendiculaire, comme avec les roseaux, soit horizontal, comme avec des cordes; mais ils n'étaient pas indulgents avec un individu, exigeant à la fois perpendiculaire et horizontal. (Trois hommes sont considérés comme une «caravane».)] Ce sont les paroles de R. Yehudah. Les sages ont dit: Ils ont parlé d'une «caravane» seulement comme étant l'instance commune, (mais c'est permis même avec un individu.) Toute partition qui n'est pas (à la fois) perpendiculaire et horizontale n'est pas une partition. Ce sont les paroles de R. Yossi b. R. Yehudah. [R. Yossi b. R. Yehudah diffère de son père, en disant que même une caravane nécessite perpendiculaire et horizontal.] La différence entre le premier rabbins et le second: Les premiers rabbins ne l'ont permis à un individu que dans un cas comme celui d'une caravane, c'est-à-dire quand il est sur la route et ne peut pas faire de partition régulière, mais pas lorsqu'il est dans la colonie. Et les seconds rabbins disent: De toute façon (perpendiculaire ou horizontale), que ce soit pour un individu ou pour plusieurs; que ce soit sur la route ou dans une colonie. Et la halakha est en accord avec eux. Mais un ou deux hommes qui ont campé dans le désert ne peuvent pas faire une cloison plus grande que beth sa'atayim, cent coudées de longueur sur cinquante de largeur, selon la cour du tabernacle. Et trois hommes ou plus constituent une «caravane», et ils peuvent faire une grande partition, même plusieurs mil, comme cela peut être exigé par eux, leurs biens et leurs bêtes, tant qu'il n'y a pas d'espace vide plus grand qu'un beth sa 'atayim dans la partition. Ceux qui partent en guerre [même une guerre sanctionnée (milchemeth reshuth, par opposition à milchemeth mitzvah)] étaient exemptés de quatre choses: ils peuvent apporter du bois de n'importe où, [sans se soucier du vol, même s'il était coupé et empilé par les propriétaires]; ils sont dispensés de se laver les mains [avant un repas. (Mais ils sont tenus de se laver après le repas, ce lavage ayant été prescrit en raison du sel de Sodomite, ce qui provoque la cécité. Un risque (pour la vie) est plus sévère qu'une interdiction.)]; (ils sont exemptés) de demai [Ils ne sont pas tenus de séparer terumath ma'aser du demai (produit suspect), comme lorsqu'ils achetaient des produits d'un am ha'aretz]; (et ils sont dispensés) de faire un érouv [un érouv de cours, comme de tente en tente dans le camp entouré de cloisons; mais ils sont tenus de faire un eruv des limites (du sabbat).]
Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מקיפין בקנים – wedged in and standing and this is a partition of warp but of ropes it would be a partition of woof.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Introduction
This mishnah continues to deal with setting up a partition around an encampment so that one may carry within the encampment.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
בשיירא דברו – they were lenient regarding them since they don’t need anything other either a warp such as reeds or a woof, such as ropes, but for an individual, they were not lenient , but rather until it has [both] warp and woof and three people [in it], they are like a caravan.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
They may also surround [the camp] with reeds, provided there is no [gap of] three handbreadths between one reed and the next. Yesterday we learned that they can set up a partition around the encampment by encircling it with three ropes, so long as there are no more than three handbreadths between each rope. Today we see how a partition can be set up horizontally. This is done by setting up reeds (poles) around the encampment. Between each reed there can be no more than three handbreadths, for less than three handbreadths is an amount that is legally considered as if it doesn’t exist.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
כל מחיצה שאינה של שתי וערב כו' - Rabbi Yosi the son of Rabbi Yehuda disputes on that of his father, and states that even for a caravan, it requires warp and woof.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
[The rabbis] spoke only of a caravan, the words of Rabbi Judah. But the sages say that they only spoke of a caravan because it is a usual occurrence. So far these mishnayot have only been speaking about surrounding a caravan with a partition. The rabbis now debate whether the same type of partition may be used in other cases as well. According to Rabbi Judah, the previous mishnayot relate only to the situation of a caravan. An individual stuck out in an uninhabited place for Shabbat would have to make a partition of both horizontal and vertical pieces in order to carry within. The other sages disagree and rule that the previous mishnayot mentioned the encamped caravan only because that was a normal situation. The same rules would apply to other situations as well.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
אחד משני דברים – either warp or woof and there is [a difference] between the earlier Rabbis and the latter Rabbis, for the earlier Rabbis did not permit for an individual other than something similar to a caravan on the way, since it cannot make an appropriate partition and it is not in a settlement, but the latter Rabbis stated that one of two things, whether for an individual or a group, whether on the road or in a settlement, and the Halakha is according to them, but that one person or two that dwelled in the wilderness are not able to make a partition larger than field requiring two Se’ah of seed which is one-hundred cubits long by fifty cubits wide like the courtyard of the Tabernacle and three people or ore are a caravan and they are able to make a large partition and even several miles according what they need and for the utensils that they use and for their animals, as long as there not remain a free space within the partition greater than the field requiring two Se’ah of seed.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
Any partition that is not [made up of] both vertical and horizontal [pieces] is not a valid partition, the words of Rabbi Yose bar Judah. But the sages say: one of the two [is sufficient]. Rabbi Yose disagrees with his father who held that for the caravan a partition of either horizontal ropes or vertical reeds is sufficient. Rabbi Yose holds that a partition that does not have both is not a valid partition, neither for an individual nor for a caravan. The sages continue to rule that a partition can be set up with either vertical or horizontal pieces, as we learned in the previous mishnayot. Both are not necessary.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
פטרו במחנה – for those who go out to war and even to an optional war [to gain territory outside the Land of Israel].
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English Explanation of Mishnah Eruvin
They exempted four obligations [to soldiers] in an encampment: They may bring wood from anywhere; they are exempt from the washing of the hands, and from [separating tithes from] doubtfully tithed produce ( and from the setting up an eruv. There are four ways in which the rabbis were lenient with regard to the rules governing soldiers in an encampment. Note that these rules do not apply specifically to Shabbat; only the last one refers to Shabbat. First of all, they may bring wood from anywhere they find it and it is not considered stealing. Second, they need not wash their hands before eating. Third, if they are eating doubtfully tithed produce (demai), they need not tithe it. Tithing demai is only a rabbinic obligation and hence there is space to be lenient. Fourth, to carry from tent to tent within the encampment, they do not need to set up an eruv (a communal meal). A partition surrounding the encampment is sufficient, as we have learned.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
מביאין עצים – and we don’t suspect them of theft, and even if their owners cut them and made of them packages.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ופטורים מרחיצת ידים – [exempt from washing the hands] before the meal, but for the water [for washing] after the meal, they are obligated, since it was established on account of the danger of the Sodomite salt that blinds the eye, the danger is graver than the prohibition.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ומדמאי – that they don’t have to separate the tenth of a tenth of doubtfully tithed produce such as if they took grain from an ignoramus [who does not observe the laws of tithing properly].
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Bartenura on Mishnah Eruvin
ומלערב – The Eruvim of courtyards such as from tent to tent in the camp surrounded by partitions, but the Eruvim of borders/limits they are required to make [those Eruvim].
