Si yom tov tombait la veille du sabbat, on ne devrait pas cuisiner pour commencer de yom tov au shabbath, mais il cuisine pour yom tov, et s'il reste quelque chose, il le reste pour Shabbath. [Autrement dit, le commencement et l'intention première de sa cuisine ne devraient pas être pour Shabbath, mais pour yom tov, et ce qui reste devrait être pour Shabbath.] Et il prépare un plat de yom tov eve [comme un "eruv tavshilin" ("un mélange de cuisine") et il compte dessus pour Shabbath. [Certains donnent la raison de ce plat de yom tov eve comme kavod Shabbath (honorant le sabbat), c'est-à-dire, en se souvenant de Shabbath de yom tov eve, on choisira une «portion de choix» pour Shabbath et n'oubliera pas Shabbath dans le pré-yom activité tov. D'autres donnent la raison comme kavod yom tov (honorant yom tov). Voyant qu'il n'y a pas de cuisson de yom tov pour Shabbath à moins qu'elle n'ait été commencée le yom tov veille, (auquel cas elle est simplement terminée le yom tov), on comprendra que, a fortiori, il n'y a pas de cuisson ou de cuisson entièrement de yom tov à un jour de semaine. (La bénédiction pour eruv tavshilin est la même que pour eruv chatzerorth ("un mélange de domaines"). Et il doit accorder (des droits sur son érouv) par un autre à tous ceux qui souhaitent par la suite compter sur son érouv, même sans leur connaissance; car le bénéfice peut être conféré à d'autres, même en leur absence.] Beth Shammai dit: (Il prépare) deux plats; et Beth Hillel dit: un. Et ils conviennent que le poisson et l'œuf (placé) dessus sont considérés comme deux plats . Si [le plat qu'il a préparé yom tov eve] a été mangé ou perdu, il ne peut pas cuisiner dessus (en s'appuyant sur lui) pour commencer. Et s'il en reste quelque chose, il peut compter dessus [pour cuisiner sur yom tov] pour Shabbath. [Mais ab initio, eruv tavshilin n'obtient pas avec moins d'une taille d'olive, que ce soit pour une ou pour cent. Et s'il a commencé sa pâte et que ses érouv ont été perdus, il termine ce qu'il a commencé.]
Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
יום טוב שחל להיות ערב שבת לא יבשל בתחילה – that is to say that the beginning of his cooking and its essence should not be for the Sabbath, but rather for the sake of Yom Tov/the Festival Day should be the beginning of his cooking and what remains should be for the Sabbath.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Introduction
This mishnah deals with preparing food on Yom Tov to use on Shabbat which falls the day after. While cooking on Yom Tov is permitted, it is only permitted to cook on Yom Tov for that day.
This mishnah discusses what is called “eruv tavshilin.” This is a type of “eruv” whereby one begins to cook a meal for Shabbat on the day before Yom Tov which falls before Shabbat. Beginning to cook this meal allows him to cook on Yom Tov for Shabbat. This halakhah is still observed to this day, and if you look in siddurim you will even find a blessing which one recites before setting aside the food.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
ועושה תבשיל מערב יום טוב – for the sake of the “joining of cooked foods”/Eruv Tavshilin (preparing meals for the Sabbath on a Holy Day occurring on a Friday: a person prepares a dish on Thursday and lets it lie over until the end of the Sabbath which he does on the Holy Day – Friday – is merely a continuation of the preparation begun on Thursday). There are those who say that the reason that this dish from the eve of the Festival day/Yom Tov, is because of the honor of the Sabbath, for since from the eve of the Festival day he remembers the Sabbath, he will choose a nice portion for the Sabath, and not forget the Sabbath because of the preoccupation with the Festival Day. And there are those wohose say that is because of the honor of the Festival day, in order that they should see that they don’t bake from the Festival day for the Sabbath other than if he had begun while it was still daylight, for on the Festival day, he does nothing other than complete it, a fortiori (i.e., all the more so), from the Festival day to a weekday entirely, we do not back nor cook. And we make the blessing on Eruv Tavshilin/”joining of cooked foods” in the manner that we make the blessing on the Eruv in reference to the “joining of courtyards”/Eruv Hatzerot. But it is necessary to make assignment through another for all who wish afterwards to rely upon his Eruv/”joining,” and even without his knowledge, for one acts in a person’s interest in his absence.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Yom Tov which fell on the eve of Shabbat, one should not begin to cook on Yom Tov for Shabbat. Although one is allowed to cook on Yom Tov, one may not cook food on Yom Tov that will be eaten on the next day, even if the next day is Shabbat. We should note that this would have presented a bigger practical problem in the ancient world than it does today. They did not have preservatives or refrigeration (or those fantastic lock-top plastic containers) and hence it would not have been simple to prepare food for Shabbat on Thursday. Therefore, the remainder of the mishnah seems to present some ways of avoiding this problem.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
אכלו או שאבד – that same dish that he cooked, from the eve of the Sabbath.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
But he may cook for Yom Tov, and if any is left over it is left over for Shabbat. If he cooks on Yom Tov with the intention of eating some of the food on that very day, he may eat on Shabbat whatever food was left over. It would even seem possible to make a large meal on Yom Tov knowing that there would be leftovers and to eat those leftovers on Shabbat.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Beitzah
סומך עליו – to cook his dish on the Festival day for the needs of the Sabbath, But, from the outset, his “joining of dishes”/Eruv Tavshilin is not less than an olive’s bulk, whether for one [person] or for one hundred [people]. But if he began with his dough and his Eruv became lost, he completes it with what he has begun with.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
And he may prepare a dish on the eve of Yom Tov and rely upon it [to prepare food] for Shabbat. This is the section that deals with “eruv tavshilin.” A person may begin to make a meal on the day before Yom Tov and then on Yom Tov “continue” to cook the meal. In this way he will not be starting to cook a meal on Yom Tov for Shabbat but rather just continuing a meal that he already began to cook the day before.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
Bet Shammai says: two dishes. But Bet Hillel says: one dish. Yet they [both] agree that a fish and an egg upon it are [considered as] two dishes. The two houses debate how many different food items he needs to begin to prepare on the day before Yom Tov in order for it to count as an “eruv tavshilin.” According to Bet Shammai a meal consists of at least two dishes therefore he must begin to cook two dishes for it to count. Bet Hillel thinks that a meal need consist of only one dish and hence one dish is sufficient for eruv tavshilin. Bet Shammai however is lenient in what counts as two dishes even a fish with an egg on top of it counts as two dishes.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Beitzah
[If] he ate it or it was lost, he may not begin to cook [relying] on it. But if he left over any [small] portion of it, he may rely on it [to cook] for Shabbat. If the eruv tavshilin is eaten or lost before he begins to cook for Shabbat, then he may not rely on it to begin cooking a meal for Shabbat. However, if even a little bit of the eruv still remains before he begins cooking he may rely on it to cook for Shabbat.
