סִימָנֵי בְהֵמָה וְחַיָּה נֶאֶמְרוּ מִן הַתּוֹרָה, וְסִימָנֵי הָעוֹף לֹא נֶאֱמָרוּ. אֲבָל אָמְרוּ חֲכָמִים, כָּל עוֹף הַדּוֹרֵס, טָמֵא. כֹּל שֶׁיֶּשׁ לוֹ אֶצְבַּע יְתֵרָה, וְזֶפֶק, וְקֻרְקְבָנוֹ נִקְלָף, טָהוֹר. רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר בַּר צָדוֹק אוֹמֵר, כָּל עוֹף הַחוֹלֵק אֶת רַגְלָיו, טָמֵא:
Los signos por los cuales los animales limpios, domésticos y salvajes, pueden distinguirse [de los inmundos y prohibidos] se mencionan en la Santa Ley, pero no los de las aves. Los sabios, sin embargo, han establecido: "Que cada ave [depredadora], que golpea sus garras con su presa, es inmunda: cada ave que tiene una garra adicional, un cultivo y de la cual la capa interna del estómago puede se despega fácilmente, es de la especie limpia ". R. Eleazar ben Zadok dice: "Todo pájaro que [cuando se coloca en una percha] divide los dedos de los pies por igual, es inmundo".
Tosefta Chullin
These are the signs in a [domesticated] animal [that render it permitted (Lev. 22:3)]: "In every animal with a hoof, a completely split hoof, [and that] chews its cud, such an animal you may eat." All those which chew their cud, they lack upper teeth. What ox grew horns before hoofs? This is the bull of Adam the First Man, as it says (Ps. 69:32), "That will please God more than oxen, [and more than] bulls with horns and hoofs." These are the signs in a wild animal: All that have horns and hoofs. Rabbi Dosa says, as long as it has horns, there is no need to inquire about hoofs. Even though there is no proof for this, there is at least a hint, [as it says,] "That will please God more than oxen, bulls with horns and hoofs." Rabban Shimon ben Gamaliel says, whatever has an extra claw in birds is clean [and] every bird that seizes its prey is unclean (see Hul. 3:6). Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar says, whatever grabs [its prey] in the air and does not have a gizzard that can be peeled [is unclean]. Rabbi Eliezer son of Tzadok says, when you place [a fowl] on a rope, if it divides [its claws] two in front and two in back, it is unclean. Others say, whatever [bird] dwells amongst the unclean [birds] or are similar [in appearance] to the unclean [birds] is unclean, [and] whatever [bird] dwells amongst the clean [birds] and is similar [in appearance] to the clean [birds] is clean. The relatives of the man (alt., "the people") from K'far Timarta that were in Judea would eat starlings (זרזירין, see Hul. 62a:2) because they have a crop of feathers. People from the upper marketplace in Jerusalem would eat the white sinonia because it had a gizzard that could be peeled.
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