Mishná
Mishná

Comentario sobre Shekalim 2:5

מוֹתַר שְׁקָלִים, חֻלִּין. מוֹתַר עֲשִׂירִית הָאֵפָה, מוֹתַר קִנֵּי זָבִין, קִנֵּי זָבוֹת, קִנֵּי יוֹלְדוֹת, וְחַטָאוֹת וַאֲשָׁמוֹת, מוֹתְרֵיהֶן נְדָבָה. זֶה הַכְּלָל, כָּל שֶׁהוּא בָּא לְשֵׁם חַטָאת וּלְשֵׁם אַשְׁמָה, מוֹתָרָן נְדָבָה. מוֹתַר עוֹלָה, לָעוֹלָה. מוֹתַר מִנְחָה, לַמִּנְחָה. מוֹתַר שְׁלָמִים, לַשְּׁלָמִים. מוֹתַר פֶּסַח, לַשְּׁלָמִים. מוֹתַר נְזִירִים, לַנְּזִירִים. מוֹתַר נָזִיר, לַנְּדָבָה. מוֹתַר עֲנִיִּים, לָעֲנִיִּים. מוֹתַר עָנִי, לְאוֹתוֹ עָנִי. מוֹתַר שְׁבוּיִים, לַשְּׁבוּיִים. מוֹתַר שָׁבוּי, לְאוֹתוֹ שָׁבוּי. מוֹתַר הַמֵּתִים, לַמֵּתִים. מוֹתַר הַמֵּת, לְיוֹרְשָׁיו. רַבִּי מֵאִיר אוֹמֵר, מוֹתַר הַמֵּת, יְהֵא מֻנָּח עַד שֶׁיָּבֹא אֵלִיָּהוּ. רַבִּי נָתָן אוֹמֵר, מוֹתַר הַמֵּת בּוֹנִין לוֹ נֶפֶשׁ עַל קִבְרוֹ:

El excedente de shekalim es chullin. [Si uno guarda dinero, diciendo: "Esto es para mi shekel", y luego, cuando lo cuenta, descubre que tiene un excedente, ese excedente es chullin. Esta Mishná anónima es según Beth Hillel.] El excedente de la décima parte de un efá, los pájaros de zavin, los pájaros de zavoth, los pájaros de yoldoth, las ofrendas por el pecado y las ofrendas por la culpa (el excedente es) un regalo (para hekdesh) [("el décimo de un ephah") que se ofrece (en un estado de) pobreza extrema. Si se ahorró dinero para esto, y hubo un excedente, ese excedente es un regalo. Porque todos los excedentes de las ofrendas por el pecado y las ofrendas por la culpa son obsequios para la adquisición de "holocaustos de verano" para el altar, según el medrash de Yehoyada Hakohen (6: 6); y la décima parte del epha está en lugar de una ofrenda por el pecado.] Esta es la regla: el excedente de todo lo que viene como una ofrenda por el pecado o como una ofrenda por la culpa es un regalo (para las ofrendas quemadas). El excedente de una ofrenda quemada es una ofrenda quemada. [Si reserva dinero con el que comprar una ofrenda quemada y había un excedente, compra otra ofrenda quemada con él.] El excedente de una ofrenda de comida es una ofrenda de comida. El excedente de una ofrenda de paz es una ofrenda de paz. El excedente de un Pesaj es una ofrenda de paz, [está escrito (Deuteronomio 16: 2): "Y sacrificarás un Pesaj al Señor tu Dios, ovejas y ganado". ¿Ahora el Pesaj proviene del ganado? El significado, entonces, es que el excedente del Pesaj es para lo que proviene de las ovejas y el ganado, es decir, las ofrendas de paz.] El excedente de los nazareos es para los nazareos. [Si recaudaron dinero para las ofrendas nazareas y hubo un excedente, el dinero se mantiene para la adquisición de ofrendas para otros nazareos. El excedente de un nazareo es un regalo. [Si un Nazareo individual dejó de lado el dinero para sus ofrendas y hubo un excedente, el excedente es un regalo para las ofrendas quemadas de verano para el altar.] El excedente de (dinero recaudado para) los pobres es para los pobres. El excedente de un hombre pobre es para ese hombre pobre. [Si recaudaron dinero para comprarle ropa y hubo un excedente, ese excedente se le da.] El excedente de los cautivos es para los cautivos. El excedente de un cautivo es para ese cautivo. [Si recolectaban caridad para la redención de los cautivos y había un excedente, se guarda para la redención de otros cautivos. Pero si los dineros fueron dados expresamente para un cautivo en particular, el excedente va a ese cautivo.] El excedente de los muertos es para los muertos. [Si se reunieron para el entierro de los muertos, en general, el excedente se destina al entierro de otros.] El excedente de un (particular) hombre muerto es para sus herederos, [se supone que uno renuncia a su "abaratamiento" después de muerte a favor de sus herederos.] R. Meir dice: El excedente de un (particular) hombre muerto debe dejarse de lado hasta que llegue Eliyahu. [R. Meir tiene dudas sobre si renuncia o no a su "abaratamiento" en favor de sus herederos, por lo que se deja de lado hasta el advenimiento de Eliyahu.] R. Nathan dice: El excedente de un (particular) hombre muerto es usado para construir un monumento sobre su tumba. [Es obvio para R. Nathan que no renuncia a su "abaratamiento", por lo que se construyó un monumento sobre su tumba con el excedente, que ya había vuelto a él. La halajá está de acuerdo con el primer tanna. En una instancia donde recolectaron para los requisitos (de entierro) de una persona muerta en particular, pensando que no tenía medios, y luego descubrieron que este no era el caso, no decimos que el excedente va a los herederos, ya que la recolección fue un error Esto se confirma en el Yerushalmi. Y también se deduce del Yerushalmi y de nuestra gemara que donde hay siete cuidadores de la ciudad o donde hay uno, a cargo de todos los asuntos de la comunidad, puede asignar el excedente de cautivos o de los pobres o de los muertos como él lo dicta dictado. por las exigencias de la época y no se le debe interferir. Y esta es siempre la regla en la práctica.]

Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר שקלים חולין – The person who collects/gathers money and says, “these are for my [one-half] Shekel, and when he comes to calculate what he had gathered, he found that there was excess and what was left over was Hullin/non-holy, and the anonymous teaching is according to the School of Hillel.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Shekalim

The surplus of [money set aside for] shekels is non-sacred property.
The surplus of [money set aside for the] tenth of the ephah, and the surplus of [money set aside for] bird-offerings of zavim, for bird-offerings of zavot, for bird-offerings of women after childbirth, and sin-offerings and guilt-offerings, their surplus [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings. This is the general rule: all [money set aside] for a sin-offering or for a guilt-offering, the surplus [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a burnt-offering [must be used] for a burnt-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a meal-offering [must be used] for a meal-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a peace-offering [must be used] for a peace-offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] a pesach [must be used] for a wellbeing offering.
The surplus of [money set aside for] the offerings of nazirites [must be used] for the offerings of other nazirites. The surplus of [money set aside for] the offerings of a [particular] nazirite [is used to purchase] freewill-offerings.
The surplus of [money raised for] the poor [must be used] for other poor. The surplus of [money raised for] a [particular] poor person [must be given] to that [poor person].
The surplus of [money raised for the ransom of] captives [must be used] for [the ransom of other] captives. The surplus of [money raised for the ransom of] a [particular] captive [must be given] to that captive.
The surplus of [the money raised for the burial of] the dead [must be used] for [the burial of other] dead. The surplus of [the money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person [must be given] to his heirs. Rabbi Meir says: the surplus of [money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person must be laid aside until Elijah comes. Rabbi Natan says: the surplus of [money raised for the burial of] a [particular] dead person [must be used] for building a monument for him over his grave.

In the previous mishnayot we dealt with the subject of what surplus money is used for. This mishnah discusses surpluses left over from money set aside for various other uses, mostly sacrifices or charity.
Section one: This halakhah is according to Bet Hillel’s opinion in mishnah three.
Section two: The tenth of the ephah (a measure of grain) is the sin-offering of a poor person. The bird-offerings mentioned here are brought by men or women who have had abnormal genital discharge (zavim and zavot, see above 1:5) or by women after childbirth. Money set aside for any of these offerings or for a sin-offering or a guilt-offering must be used to purchase freewill offerings. They can’t be used for other bird-offerings, sin-offerings or guilt-offerings because these can only be purchased for the sake of a specific sin or abnormal discharge. However, the surplus is still sacred because these offerings don’t have a fixed amount (see above mishnah 2).
Sections three-five: In all of these cases the extra money is used to buy another of the same type of sacrifice.
Section six: The extra money which was set aside for a pesah cannot be used as a pesah, because the surplus is only created when the holiday is already over. Rather the surplus is used to buy a wellbeing offering. In Pesahim we saw that the pesah is a type of wellbeing offering (see Pesahim 9:6-7).
Section seven: If charity collectors set aside money to buy nazirite offerings for nazirites who cannot afford to pay their offerings, then the surplus is used to buy other nazirite offerings. However, if the money is set aside for a specific nazirite it cannot be used to buy an offering for a different nazirite. Rather the surplus is used to purchase freewill offerings.
Section eight: Obviously, surplus charity should be used for more charity. However, if there is money set aside for a particular poor person, and there is surplus from that money, it too must go to that poor person. The charity collector may not say to himself, “That poor person doesn’t need all of that money. I’ll give the rest to someone else.” Rather, if the donor directed it to one person, the entire amount must be given to that person.
Section nine: Surplus from money collected to redeem captives is used to redeem other captives. However, if money was collected to redeem a specific captive, the surplus goes directly to that captive.
Section ten: Surplus money collected to bury the dead is used to bury other dead people. However, if the money was collected to bury a specific dead person there are three different opinions as to what to do with it. According to the first opinion, the money goes to the dead person’s inheritors. According to Rabbi Meir, it is forbidden to use it at all it must go untouched until Elijah comes. Finally, Rabbi Natan says it is used to build a tombstone over his grave.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

עשירית האיפה – that the poorest of the poor offer, if he separated out money, and there was excess, they go for a free-will donation, for all excess of sin-offerings and guilt-offerings, the excess is a free-will offering, to purchase with them burnt-offering for the altar’s summer time (a time when the alter was unemployed for private offerings, and free-will burnt-offerings had to be supplied form the Temple fund – see Mishnah Shekalim, Chapter 4, Mishnah 4), according to the Midrash of Jehoiada the Priest, and the tenth of an Ephah was in place of a sin-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר עולה עולה – if he separated monies to purchase a burnt-offering and there was excess, he should bring that excess for another burnt-offering.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר הפסח לשלמים – as it is written (Deuteronomy 16:2): “You shall slaughter the Passover sacrifice for the LORD your God from the flock and the herd,” but the Passover sacrifice comes from the herd, but the excess of the Passover sacrifice should come from the flock and herd, that is peace-offerings.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר נזירים – if they collected money for the Nazirite sacrifices and there was excess, they should preserve them until they purchase other Nazirite sacrifices. But if one Nazirite separated monies for his sacrifices, and there was excess, the excess should go as a free-will offering to the altar’s summer offerings.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר שבוים – if they collected tzedakah for the redemption of captives, and there was excess remaining, he should preserve them (i.e., the monies) until they redeem other captives, but if they explicitly did so for this captive, that captive takes possession of it.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

מותר המתים למתים – if they collected for the needs of merely burying the dead, the excess is for the burial of other dead people, but, for this specific dead person, the excess goes to his inheritors, for the dead they forgive as it is a disgrace for his inheritors.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

יהא מונח עד שיבא אליהו – he is doubtful if the dead pardons his disgrace to his inheritors or not. Therefore, it should like until Elijah comes.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Shekalim

בונים לו נפש על קברו – it is obvious to Rabbi Natan that he does not pardon. Therefore, we build for him a tombstone on his grave from that same excess that the dead person gained. But the Halakha is according to the first Teacher [of the Mishnah] and where they collect for the needs of the burial of the dead because they would think that he didn’t have [funds] and it was found that he did have [funds], we don’t say that in this case, the excess of the dead person goes to his inheritors, since the collection was done in error, and this is proved in the Jerusalem Talmud. And furthermore, it is proven in the Jerusalem Talmud and in our Gemara [i.e., the Babylonian Talmud) (Tractate Megillah 27a) that where there are seven representatives of the town or a town organization where all the business of the community is decided by his mouth, and it appears in his eyes to change [what is done with] the excess of [monies for] captives or the excess of [monies for] the poor or the excess of [monies for] the dead to what appears in his eyes he can change and remove what appears in his eyes for the needs of the hour and they cannot stop him from doing so. And similarly, we always teach practical Halakha.
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